18th and 19th century view on nature :: essays research papers

Through the ingenious works of poetry the role of temperament has imprinted the 18th and 19th century with a mark of significance. The common terminology nature has been reflected by our greatest poets in different meanings and understanding Alexander Pope believed in reason and moderation, whereas Blake and Wordsworth embraced passion and imagination.The 18th century was known as the bestride of Reason, where the focus was on the search for truth and clarity in the world of disorder through reason. Alexander Pope displays his views and beliefs on world through his disreputable poem "Essay on Man." Pope depicts the role of nature in the 18th century by setting the poem in a garden. not only does the garden parallel John Miltons "Paradise Lost," the garden symbolize the limitations of man. Pope wants to convey the importance of how man must accept his own limitations and cover his life to "vindicate the ways of G-d to man." However, we must yield to our pr ide and take responsibilities of our actions by not blaming G-d. Cease then, nor order imperfection name Our proper enjoyment depends on what we blame.      Through the poems of Blake and Wordsworth, the meaning of nature expands far beyond the earlier centurys definition of nature. "The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom." The passion and imagination portrayal unequivocal this period unquestionably, as the Romantic Era. Nature is a place of solace where the imagination is free to roam. Wordsworth contrasts the material world to the innocent beauty of nature that is slow forgotten, or overlooked due to our insensitivities by our complete devotion to the trivial world. But yet I know, whereer I go, that there hath passed away a glory from the earth.

Darkness, Be My Friend :: Darkness, Be My Friend

Darkness, Be My Friend   Darkness, Be My Friend is the fourth book in John Marsdens series consisting of Tomorrow, When the War Began, In the Dead of the Night and The troika Day, The Frost, in which seven young people be thr suffer into the middle of a violent war zone. Ellie, Fi, Kevin, Lee, Homer, Robyn and Corrie set out on a camping trip to a remote part of their district. They find their way into a remote basin surrounded by dangerous cliffs and difficult terrain, where they are completely safe and cut off from the rest of the world. When the teenagers return to their homes, they find that all the families in the district were abducted and locked into the show grounds by armed soldiers who are taking over Australia. After finding this, they go on to perform numerous terrorist activities around the district to hamper the enemys progress. These including blowing up a bridge on a major convoy route, attacking an important bay used for supplies and in Dar kness, Be My Friend, the teenagers set out from New Zealand to assist a dainty group of elite New Zealand soldiers attack the new airbase that has been built in their town. In this book, the New Zealand soldiers disappear without a trace and the teenagers have to attack the airbase themsleves_   I think that this book is as much about adventure and survival as it is about emotions, friendships and relationships. The book is written as the diary of the unofficial leader of the group and she speaks a lot about her thoughts, her relationships with the other members of the group and of her emotions about what she was forced to do during the course of the war.   "I was determined I wasnt going to amaze angry, so I ignored that. I didnt blame him in a way. If only I could have understood what was going on in my own mind_ but I found that difficult at the best of times."   "It was nothing to do with Lee. I still liked him a lot. Id got over th ose feelings Id had ages ago, the negative feelings

Essay examples --

The Bible primary purpose and focus is on Gods love for us and His plan of redemption for our salvation, plainly it also provides us with insight into eldritch leadershiphip. From Abraham to Issac and from John the Baptist to Luke, and ultimately thru Jesus, God has used spiritual leaders ultimately to fulfill His purpose. The Bible gives us examples of spiritual leadership and human leadership with a number of these writings in the book of Proverbs. True leaders confront problems and find a solution. (Prov 282) When thither is moral rot within a nation, its government topples easily plainly with honest, sensible leaders there is stability. When the church or your life is in chaos, its free to come up with solution, but it takes a real leader to actually change things. Where you have people you encounter problems and most problems do not puzzle out themselves they usually get worse with time. Real leaders realize that God is the only solution to our problems so we must seek H im for wisdom and follow thru. The quite you deal with a problem the easier it is to fix it. The sooner you surrender your life to God, the faster God do-nothing make you a real leader. Effective leaders deal with problems as soon as possible for the good of others. Effective and Godly leaders balance truth and love. As (Prov 2028) says, If a force is kind, honest, and fair, his kingdom stands secure. The same is true for a leader, if he truly is kind, honest, and fair he will prosper. Love without truth is a just an emotion, part truth without love is a cold, hard reality. However, truth and love together have the power to transform the lives of others and ourselves. True leaders who possess wisdom give love and integrity to confront others and get them on the ... ...ith people who harm Jesus Body. Some of us atomic number 18 natural leaders and some are natural followers, however, all of us have been given leadership in some area. Parents have the God-given responsibility to lead their children. Pastors have the responsibility to lead the faithful towards God and strengthen their relationship. We all share one thing in common, and that should be our willingness to lead others to Gods saving grace. Following these principles from Proverbs will not guarantee success, but they do guarantee that Gods work will move forward. We are not called to succeed but to be faithful to Christ. The Lord did arrangement that, He who began the good work within you, will continue his work until it is finally finished (Phil 16) When we are faithful to Gods principles of leadership, we can be sure God will ensure the forward movement of His kingdom.

SCHIZOPHRENIA Essay -- essays research papers

Psychological doingss occur in so many people. A lot of them dont make that they have a disorder, or a particular behavior, until someone points it out. Many people have disorders. In human beingss there are two types of main disorders and just to do a brief analysis on them. They are biological and psychological for the biological it is a disease of the body that can be cured by altering the body. The biological involves the use of the medical examination model that works with genes, hormones, neurons and the chemistry of the brain. Psychopathology can be caused by a humans disordered mental life, and mental illness can be cured by helping to change behavior, emotion and thought. The three causes of abnormalities that I am going to talk about are biological, psychological, and sociocultural. I am going to start by talking about the biological causes starting with genetic inheritance, medical conditions, exposure to bad environment, and brain damage. The psychological one are t raumatic life experiences, learned associations, faulty ways of thinking, and distorted perceptions. The sociocultural ones are stated as disturbances in intimate relationships and problems in extended relationships, political or social unrest, and discrimination towards ones social group. The early approaches of abnormal behavior are animism that abnormal behavior is a possession by evil or demons. This was treated by trephination this is where holes where made in the head so the evils hard liquor can escape from th...

The Tibetan Genocide :: Chinese Tibet Human Race Papers

The Chinese have repeatedly tortured, impris onenessd, and murdered Tibetans all for what they claim is national unity. While the oppression of the Tibetan tidy sum began in the 1950s with the invasion of China, it continues just as strongly today. From religious oppression and unfair trials to the torture of nuns and monks, the Chinese abuse even the most adoring aspects of Tibetan culture. Political prisoners, whether they are monks, nuns or lay people, are tortured with utter disregard for human rights. Chinese laws have also been established to use up the Tibetan people entirely. Women often must endure forced abortions and sterilization due to Chinese birth policies. Through all of these crimes against humanity, China repeatedly commits acts of genocide as established by the United Nations. A precise definition of genocide was instituted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. It states that genocide occurs when, one group kills members of some other g roup, causes serious bodily or mental detriment, inflicts conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, prevents births within the group, and forcibly transfers children of the group to another group (Destexhe, 1). Using this definition as a guideline, it is clear that China has not only committed genocide against Tibet in the past, but is continually doing so in contemporary society.Chinas policy of political imprisonment is a clear act of genocide. It is used to incite bodily and mental harm and inflict conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of the Tibetan people. At times imprisonment even results in death. These crimes are all carry through under the guise of being legal in Chinese law. A statement made by Amnesty International in 1996 cites these abusesTorture and revilement remain widespread and systemic in Chinathese violations occur in police stations, detention centers, labor camps, and prisons across the country, somet imes resulting in the death of victims. many an(prenominal) acts which constitute torture or ill-treatment-notably the use of torture to punish, coerce, or intimidate a person-are not offenses under the law. (Kent, 222) Many Tibetans are arrested and put through much(prenominal) treatment with little to no evidence supporting them as criminals. In a sudden clampdown that started in February of 1992, groups of ten Chinese raided Tibetan homes in capital of Tibet arresting more than 200 people. Those arrested were said to be in possession of subversive materials, such as photographs, and tapes or books containing speeches or teachings of the Dalai Lama (Kumar, 77).

The Tibetan Genocide :: Chinese Tibet Human Race Papers

The Chinese have repeatedly tortured, imprisoned, and murdered Tibetans tout ensemble for what they claim is national unity. While the oppression of the Tibetan people began in the 1950s with the invasion of China, it continues just as strongly today. From religious oppression and unfair trials to the torture of nuns and monks, the Chinese abuse even the nearly reverent aspects of Tibetan culture. Political prisoners, whether they are monks, nuns or lay people, are tortured with utter disregard for human rights. Chinese laws have also been naturalised to eradicate the Tibetan people entirely. Women often must endure forced abortions and sterilization due to Chinese birth policies. Through all of these crimes against humanity, China repeatedly commits acts of race murder as established by the United Nations. A precise definition of genocide was instituted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. It states that genocide occurs when, one stem kills members of a nother group, causes serious bodily or psychic harm, inflicts conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, prevents births within the group, and forcibly transfers children of the group to another group (Destexhe, 1). Using this definition as a guideline, it is clear that China has not only committed genocide against Tibet in the past, but is continually doing so in contemporary society.Chinas policy of political imprisonment is a clear act of genocide. It is used to incite bodily and mental harm and inflict conditions of life calculated to bring about the destruction of the Tibetan people. At times imprisonment even results in finis. These crimes are all accomplished under the guise of being legal in Chinese law. A statement made by Amnesty International in 1996 cites these abuses bedevil and ill-treatment remain widespread and systemic in Chinathese violations occur in police stations, detention centers, labor camps, and prisons across the country, sometimes resulting in the death of victims. Many acts which constitute torture or ill-treatment-notably the use of torture to punish, coerce, or intimidate a person-are not offenses under the law. (Kent, 222) Many Tibetans are arrested and put by means of such treatment with little to no evidence supporting them as criminals. In a sudden clampdown that started in February of 1992, groups of ten Chinese raided Tibetan homes in Lhasa arresting more than 200 people. Those arrested were said to be in possession of subversive materials, such as photographs, and tapes or books containing speeches or teachings of the Dalai Lama (Kumar, 77).

Clarkson Lumber Company Pro Forma Statement Essay

Assumptions. We build pro-forma statement mostly based on the assumptions given in the case. Other assumptions are following. At first, we assume that the revenue rate is an average of tax rates for the past three years which is 20. 1%. We use this tax rate to calculate the provision for income taxes for following years. Next assumption is that we take Mr. Dadges approximation for the initial rate as the interest rate, 11%.Since Mr. Clarkson sinless payment to Mr. Holtz in 1995, we assume that only the bank loan to Suburban National Bank and Northrup National Bank are the interest-bearing liabilities for 1996 through 1999. For pecker payable period, we calculated two numbers, 53. 62 days for 1995 and 54. 86 for the first quarter of 1996. We used the payable period for 1995 to calculate the accounts payables for the forecasted years because, as mentioned in the case, Mr.Clarksons business has some seasonality so hat the payable period for the only first quarter of 1996 would not fu lly reflect for a satisfying year. We decided not to include 2% discounts for early payment to the suppliers on our income statement because of the payable period. We also assume that Mr. Clarkson issued no new equities and paid no dividends during the forecasted years. Only source of the change in the net worth is the net income for the same period. New credit line. The new credit line of $750,000 would be fitting only for 1996 and 1997.The bank loan would exceed the credit line to 858,000 and 1,109,000 for 1998 and 1999, according to our pro forma statement. Without the approval of the bank, Mr. Clarkson would not be able to expand his business at the current growth rate after 1998. With the assumption of sales growth rate of 25%, the external financing required has become double from $493,000 in 1996 to $1,109,000 in 1999. Since the new credit line is fixed at $750,000, Mr. Clarkson would have to find other ways of financing the operation such as take new equity.

Christology Case Essay

Have you ever wondered if peoples throws take a leak any real value or significance? If it has any fraternity to our inner selves, and most specially our souls? A persons name matters a lot more than we might think names be addicted to us which we wear like a label through most of our lives. This is something that allows us to distinguish one from another in speech and writing, but it is in truth nothing more than a label and seldom has any true energetic connection to who or what we are. A name can be chiefly termed as something by which a certain thing possesses the quality of being known so that it establishes its distinctive identity and existence in the scheme of things. Therefore, a name is the very base of the being of something. A name is more than a label. Its a description of who you are and what your path and purpose in this experience is, was and bequeath be. It is the perfect energetic compliment to your understanding of this experience for yourself your role, yo ur relationships to others, basically everything about you. A name powerfully symbolizes character and importance. There are get-go name, middle name, last name, surname, nick name, family name, given name and etc. when the reference is to people. A surname is usually inherited and, while it may be changed, some form of it is usually retained. Given names are more important in a way because they represent a voluntary weft by the parents or, sometimes, by an individual. By all means, a name is usually not given lightly. My Name Is JAZZY REJEL AGUILLON GOLOSOMEANING splashy This name is believed to have an American origin which means Fragrant Flower. Its meaning and origin came from a variantof the Persian Yasmin (Jasmine). Jazzy usually means unconventional or laughable, to stand out and are different from the people around you in a good way. Jazzy personality -means you are outgoing, talkative, funny, and fun to be around. Jazzy consciousness of humor means you are clever and think of jokes that other people wouldnt think of. It could possibly mean that your sense of humor is a little bit crass and you joke about things that others wouldnt joke about. But not necessarily it could be completely complimentary. Jazzy clothes or a jazzy dresser -means you probably wear bright, unusual colors or patterns, or your clothes show a unique and modern sense of style.What does it mean to other language? In Spanish -Sassy In cut -Sophisticated In Danish -Over smartREJEL Rejel or Rigel (i)-gelIt is Arabic origin,and the meaning of Rigel is radix. In the Orion constellation, Rigelis the blue star of the first magnitude that marks the hunters left foot.Nickname (jazz) Jazz, coming from the word Jasm is thought to derive from or be a variant of slang jism or gism, which is defined as spirit energy spunk. . Deepening the nexus among these words is the fact that spunk is be locatings a slang term for semen, and that spunk, like jism/jasm, also means spirit, energy, or courage. Other proposed origins include French jaser, meaning to chatter or chat, and French chasser, meaning to chase or hunt and from Irish teas, which is pronounced jass and means heat or passion.ACRONYMNJ is for jolly, the fun side A is for abundant, jazz up knows no bounds. Z is for zeal, zest for life. Z is for zany, the funny side of me Y is for yearn, my innermost desires.R is for reasonable, understanding way. E is for enchant, for enchant will. J is for jolly, the fun side E is for eternal, spirit will live. L is for loyalty that I show.FAMOUS PEOPLE HAVING THE SAME NAMEDJ Jazzy Jeff- Jeffrey Allen Townes, also known as DJ Jazzy Jeff or simply Jazz, is an American hip hop, R&B disc jockey, record producer, turntablist and actor. He is best known for his early travel with Will Smith as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince.Jazz Raycole-an American actress and dancer.Jazzy Rhia-female rapper.Research from my parentsMy mother told me why she named me Jazzy Rejel its because of h er name Jenny while my fathers name is Romeo the first letter of my first name is from the first letter of my mothers name, while the first letter of my second name is from the first letter of my fathers name . She said that she named me Jazzy Rejel since when I was born I was cute and adorable. How I could stand up to my name?As what I have researched, my two names mean a fragrant flower and a star- which is at the foot of a constellation. With such unique name, it was hard looking for meanings but as I discover what my name means it was astonishing to know that my name really fit my personality. If I would be asked to give my own meaning to my name basing on this, I would say that Jazzy Rejelmeans a bubbly, perky person who will do everything to reach her goals and become that star, become a part of something important. I would carry on with my good works, remain as humble and lively and purify on my mishaps.END.

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the nurse ratios and how trouble and leaders effectively incorporate theories, principles and leadership styles and qualities that be effective in providing tint leadership and management to staff. There are differences in leaders and managers, in the styles, goals and qualities that define leaders and managers. The effects of the nurse unhurried ratio stool be seen as well(p) as felt on multiple levels of the facility.As far as nurse managers, they are on the closest level besides bedside nurses to see the effects of ratios. Studies have shown that higher nurse patient ratios lead to higher adverse outcomes for patients, lower patient satisfaction as well as higher nurse turnover , which increases costs to the facility. The article in the Journal of Clinical Nursing (2011) investigates the relationships amid nurse staffing, nursing activities and adverse patient outcomes in the acute care setting as reported by nurses in Finland and th e Netherlands. The study was performed using a cross-sectional, descriptive questionnaire. The study discusses tasks performed by nurses, as well as tasks performed by LPNs and other staff. The studies show that nurses with higher patient ratios have higher incidence of medication validation errors, patient falls as lower patient satisfaction.The nurse manager has direct impact on the development and carry outation of tools such as the staffing matrix, acuities win and what is the policy for staffing. The nurses should be able to go to the managers with concerns regarding staffing issues.Nursing leaders look at the bigger picture, such as patient satisfaction but are also required to look at fiscal responsibilities that the facility has, as well as community events and support projects. Leaders look to improve and rear positive changes that will benefit the community served by the facility. Nurse leaders nooky evaluate how the policies and procedures are working, if they need t o be changes to provide break dance grapheme of care. Nurse leaders also assist in educating staff on the reasons change is necessary and the steps that can be taken to effectively implement changes.Nurse managers are there to provide direction on daily tasks, support and as a resourceto staff. Typically, nurse managers deal with daytime to day running of the floor and issues that arise with staff and/or patients. Managers typically see issues that arise with current policies, provide direction to staff. It is understandable how management can be pulled in opposite directions such as what is best for nursing staff and patients may not be the same as what is honest for the facility. Upper management does not always seem to have a grasp on the reality of the floor, the day to day issues of providing patient care and just what is necessary to bear patient satisfaction.The theories and principles that best describe this writers philosophy is a mix. One theory or principle does not fit. A mix of situational, servant and participative includes the theories followed. Different situations can bring out different needs. An example in my facility is, with concerns regarding financial changes occurring in healthcare, rising costs to healthcare, a poor economy and decreased reimbursments, the leaders have to look at all those aspects, and evaluate the risk vs. benefits to nurse ratios. The nurse managers have to follow the rules set forth, and try to comply with the demands from upper management.It is pass judgment by me that nurse managers look at the reality of the floor while keeping the needs of the facility in mind. Floor nurses are the advocates for the patient, and have a unique perspective of the needs of the floor. Managing staffing, acuities and patient care while also dealing with physicians, and uppermanagement requires effort and active participation. Leaders need to hold outside the box, look at the bigger picture and then convince everyone that the c hanges are necessary, needed and beneficial. some(prenominal) positions require skills such as good communication, good listening, being able to lead without dictatorship or by fear. Creating a positive environment while maintaining authority is not an easy task. Creating an atmosphere tributary to change while providing high quality care and keeping everyone happy is an even more difficult task. But both of these tasks require a relationship, trustingness and communication between all parties or departments involved. Staffing ratios have been studied, as seen in the study regarding work satisfaction (Nursing Economics, 2012) discusses the first staffinglaw that went into effect in atomic number 20 in 2004. The study showed that nurses with a lower nurse to patient ratio had a higher job satisfaction rate, as well as better patient satisfaction. The costs associated with high nurse turnover include more than just monetary costs. The safety risks to patients can not be ignored. Nu rse managers can evaluate the effectiveness of the policies as they are closest to the floor nurses and patients.Nurse managers have a different and unique experience, as do nurse leaders. Both areas require active participation with daily interaction with staff. The staff needs to feel a part of the team, respected and listened to. To have an effective unit, collaboration between all levels needs to be in place. Effective managers and effective leaders can work together to achieve goals, while providing high quality patient care.ReferencesHinno, S., Partanen, P., & Vehvilinen-Julkunen, K. (2012). Nursing activities, nurse staffing and adverse patient outcomes as perceived by hospital nurses. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 21(11/12), 1584-1593. doi10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03956.xTellez, M. (2012). Work Satisfaction Among California Registered Nurses A Longitudinal Comparative Analysis. Nursing Economic$, 30(2), 73-81.

New Government Accounting Systems Essay

Dont snoop. Not only does going done your roommates belongings violate their privacy, but it piece of tail also destroy the trust surrounded by the two of you if they find out. Have a place to put your own mail, personal photos and other items that you dont want your roommate going through to avoid conflict over privacy issues. Personal ItemsAccording to Huffington Post, acquire personal items is a main cause for tension between roommates. Refrain from borrowing anything without your roommates permission, and dont entirelyow your guests to touch or borrow anything of theirs, either. If you do obtain permission, return the item promptly and in the same condition that you borrowed it. If you cracking it or damage it, replace it. Noise LevelsPeace and quiet at home is important whether you are a college student or a operative professional. It can be difficult to concentrate in an environment that is constantly loud and boisterous. Agree on fortune quiet times in your home base and respect them. RespectAlways respect your roommate. If they arent somebody that you already know well, take the time to get acquainted with them. Your roommate may or may not be your friend, says Huffington Post, but he or she will be your business partner. Treat that person with tact and consideration at all times. FinancesAs business partners and house mates, it is important to be up-front with your roommate about finances. If something happens and you are unable to make the rent, let them know. Your financial health can directly impact their living situation.Consider having the rent automatically debited from the account to prevent any mishaps and split all bills in half. Work with your roommate to set up a financial plan in advance to avoid problems from occurring that may jeopardize your living situation. SocializingIf you are the type of person to relieve oneself a lot of company or indulge in social drinking or smoking at home and your roommate is not, this can be a sourc e of contention between the two of you. Discuss this issue in advance. Set some ground rules for social visits, parties and such and follow them.

How Useful and Reliable Are These Sources in Explaining How Womens Lives Were Affected by World War 1?

How useful and real are these sources in explaining how womens lives were affected by terra firma War 1? This essay is going to be about World Ward 1, which started in 1914 and ended in 1918, and how it affected the livs of women. The warfare made an daze on lives of umteen women, some in a positive way and some in a negative. Before WW1 women had very little policital power and were considered lowly to men. Men didnt see the need for women to have a voice, and that their opinion was not needed. However, when the war began men were sent to war, leaving job spaces to be filled.This was when the women were called upon to fill these spaces. This was an oppurtunity for women to analyze their rights for politicial power. point of reference A1 supports this because it states by the end of the war in November 1918, women proved that they were just as important to th war effort as men. This shows that women were successful in doing so and had been disposed more(prenominal) political power. This source was taken from a website foc utilise at GCSE students which means alot of research must have been put into the text, reservation it reliable. Before the war women were only allowed to do certain jobs.Housemaiding and seamstressing were to the highest degree common, sometimes farming was also allowed. People say men and women lived in two assorted worlds. But the war was a turning point for many women. Most stopped work in the domestic service and began work in the industry. Women practically took on the livs of men. Some worked in munition factories, some did farming and some also began army work. Many womens lives turned around dramatically, they became rch and lived a high lifestyle. Source A7 is a poem called Munition Wages which was written in 1917. It says Earning high wages? yus, five quid a week.A woman, too, mind you, I calls it dim sweet which shows that women were getting more money than they were before and were becoming happier. With money to spen d, years back I wore tatters, now silk stockings, my friend this shows that womens lives were affected hugely from before the war to during the war. This source could be reliable as it is a primary source, however the reliability of this source is questionable as it is only one persons opinion, and it does not give much teaching about the author. With most women gaining more money each week, they began to be survey more independant.They no longer had to rely on their husbands to keep them going. Many women would say the war was a good thing. Some would even say it was worthwhile, because they experienced a high lifestyle and got some of the political power they deserved. However there were many women who didnt have such a positive experience. Some were forced to work long hours with short pay. Long shifts like this were a daily routine for most women. They werent allowed a break and would sometimes become so ill from working non-stop they would drop to the floor in pain, even then they had to pull through and breed work.Source A8 supports this as it because it states They were frequently expected to work on till 8pm and were paid only bare time rates for this overtime. This shows that women were paid normal rates which were exceedingly low, for sometimes nearly double the hours they should have been doing. With all this work, women must have been exhausted. This source may be reliable as it was taken out of a autobiography book, however the reliability of this source could be questionable as it was written by a campaigner for womens rights, which means it could be biased.And it was alrso written in 1932, which was after the war, so the stories could have been exaggerated or altered over time. During the war, posters and leaflets were given out showing the women doing their part for the war. However many jobs that were advertised for women were rarely given out. Source A9 supports this as it says female dentists, barbers, and architects- all of which were featured on war saving postcards were extremely rare. Most male dominated proffessions remained closed to women. This shows that the propaganda that was being used was false advertisement, and was being used to encourage women into work.The press would exaggerate things greatly to make them look better than they actually were. This source may be reliable as it was used for a series for bbc, which is a well respected channel which alot of research is put into. However, it may not be reliable as we dont have any information about what the series was about. At the end of the war women were expected to give up their jobs in place for the men who had come back from the army. Within months of the end of the war, hundreds of thousands of women were out of work Source A10 shows that women were left jobless. Many were forced back into domestic work again.Some women stayed on the dole but were currently forced back into work when the government reduced unemployment benefit rates. This source may be reliable as it was written in a history book for GCSE students, so research would have been put into it. However it may not be reliable as it may have been exaggerated greatly, as the writer was not in the war. After examining all the sources thoroughly, it is fair to say womens lives did change dramatically. Lifestyle changes, changes in confidence and independance, political power and the view of women all in all were the biggest changes.

Preparing for Success Essay

Education is the basis of creating a life full of wealth and contentment. Obtaining a broad(prenominal) tutor information can help one succeed in his or her future and give one the opportunities to pursue his or her aspirations. regrettably many students lack the education, resources and friendship to enter adulthood subsequently graduating in high spirits tame. They atomic number 18 non sufficiently prepared to enter into the operate force, succeed at a university, or have any agnizeing on how to be an ethical citizen. Students should be given the chance to develop a strong work ethic, be given the opportunity to explore diametric careers and college options, acquire skills that will help them in college and obtain an understanding of how their government works before graduating high school. A strong work ethic is obtained by developing a sense of independence and becoming dependable. Every year, if students reliance on teachers was decreased, they would be forced to trust on themselves to remember when coursework is due.During my senior year at the high school I attended, El Molino High School in Forestville California, students in my English class were given a syllabus with an outline of the course and dates when homework was due. The teacher did not remind us when assignments were due, and we had to remember when work was due. In college, a student has to rely on himself or herself to grow notes, remember when homework is due, and study on his or her own for exams. Therefore academic skills learned in high school should be similar to the skills required in a college classroom and those that people can use in their adult lives. Students graduating from high school shouldbe able to read with understanding classic literature and write well-organized and grammatically sound essays they should know the basic outlines of American and European history, have a good beginners grasp of at least two natural sciences as well as pre-calculus mathematic s (Gutting).Having these basic skills and learning to take self-sufficient would make the transition from high school to career less stressful for those who decide not to attend college. Being independent and learning to rely on oneself will help one become moredependable, and in turn, a better employee. To strengthen a students work ethic, high schools should require students to rely more on themselves, which would help students become more independent. Students will not know what career they want to pursue once they down high school if they are never given the opportunity to investigate and experience different occupations. For students who have decided not to attend college, high school should be the institution where different careers can be explored.High schools should have the responsibility of helping students find internships or job shadowing opportunities specific to careers students are interested in. At El Molino High School a career based project, during our senior ye ar, was given so students had the opportunity to research the occupation they are interested in. They were then required to find an internship or a volunteer opportunity related to the career topic they had selected. Students could then find out what they want and didnt like about the career through first-hand experience and have more insight into whether or not they wanted to pursue that career after graduation.For my project, I chose to volunteer at a convalescent center to gain experience in the nurse field. After the project was over, I knew nursing was the well(p) career for me, and decided to pursue a point in the health care industry. But if a career based learning project is not required, counselors should help students find internships, attend job fairs, and find classes that would be beneficial to the career a student wants to pursue. High school should be a train where students are given adequate preparation for the work world, whether they are attending college or n ot.In high school, many students have no idea which college they should attend. Counselors should take the cartridge clip to discuss with each student his or her plans for after graduation. The counselor and the student should then construct a list of universities that have programs corresponding with the degree the student wants to pursue. At the end of my junior year at El Molino High School, I met with my counselor and we created a list of ten colleges that had respectable nursing programs. Making the list helped me to narrow down my search and choose a college, but many students at my high school did not take favor of the opportunity to meet with their counselor because the information about meeting was not broadcasted well.Meeting with a counselor when going through the college process is incredibly helpful. If more students made the effort to receive help from high school counselors and counselors made a better effort to reach out to all students when exploring college optio ns, they would have an easier time choosing a university. High school should thoroughly prepare students who are planning to seek a higher education after graduation.Academic skills learned in high school should be similar to the skills required in a college classroom. Developing adequate study habits is key to success in college. Studying for a couple hours every day, whether or not there is homework, should be second nature to a student when he enters college. Attaining proper note taking skills in high school and figuring out a format that best helps one study is a critical aspect to receiving good test grades. about students do not have a chance to learn how to take usable notes. At Analy High School, which is a high school near El Molino, students were never taught how to take usable notes which made it more difficult for them to study for tests due to poor organization of the notes they did take. I taught one my friends from Analy the note taking styles I had learned. After h e mastered the different styles and started taking organized and usable notes his grades improved.A specific section in freshman English should teach students the different note taking styles. In my sophomore English class we were introduced to different not taking styles including the Cornell method, which I found was a very useful counseling to study for tests. Another element that should be incorporated into high school curriculum is different essay and paper formats. Many high schools only teach the MLA paper format, and do not cover APA, which is the format many college students are required to use for their papers. If core classes taught techniques that students could utilize in college, the transition between institutions would be less difficult. After graduating high school, students should have a general understanding of how their government works in order to become competent citizens.According to Theodore Sizer knowledge of the government to the extent the child will be e quipped to make informed choices among persons and issues that affect his own governance (119), is one of the general elements of an efficient education system. To make decisions when vote that will benefit oneself, he or she needs to be informed on all the candidates and propositions. When I was in Advanced arrangingGovernment, my class spent a significant amount of the first semester researching candidates and understanding the propositions for the 2012 election.Though few people were eighteen and had the ability to vote, reviewing the information in the voting packet helped us understand how the voting process works, and how to read the propositions thoroughly so we when we did vote, we could understand exactly what we would be voting for. All high schools should assert a course that helps students understand the voting process and sufficient information about the American government should be provided to all students before they have the dexterity to vote.High schools should be able to sufficiently prepare students for their lives after graduation by giving them tools to develop a strong work ethic, explore colleges and careers, and understand how the government works. If students were given these opportunities for improvement in high school, the transition into an adult life would be easier.Works CitedGutting, Gary. What Is College For? (Part 2). The New York Times The Opinion Pages. 11 Jan. 2012. 17 Nov. 2013.Sizer, Theodore. What High School Is. Reading Culture. White Plains, NY Longman, 2011. 119.

Every Man Dies but Not Every Man Really Lives Essay

Every man dies but not every man really come throughs was among the few words written by Sir William Ross Wallace, an American poet during the 1860s. Well, as for me I want to live my life to the fullest before I leave to my eternal home up there.Having a bucket list simply keeps me on track to full fill every minor and major thing I want to do before I kick the bucket. The very first item on my list is to tell my mother that I crawl in her. I believe in love at first sight because since the very first day I opened my eyes until to this very second, I still love my mammy. My mom is my best friend and my hero because she has been with me through my laughs, heart breaks, tears and everything that came in between.Since babies are precious angels gifted from heaven, I would not want to miss the coterminous thing on my list which is to make a baby laugh. That moment of being so satisfied upon witnessing the joy on their faces is a feeling of no value. Next, I want to make a difference in a beggars life by taking some incredibly subatomic steps which will mean so much to them some day. Back to the olden days blockbuster Dr No, right up to Casino Royale that looker the box office in year 2006 will be one of the thing I want to do which is to watch all of James stay puts movies.Just worry how Alex Thompson wrote a poem entitled My First Time to share his experience milking a cow, I want to roam freely and spend one week of my life to learn how to milk a cow. Besides that, I want to go on a holiday with no luggage to add a little more spice to the memories I will take back.The Steel Dragon roller coaster in Spaland located in Nagashima, Japan will be one thrilling ride I would not want to miss. To add more excitement, I will pay the stake to swim with a shark and to swing myself in the sky on a trapeze. Besides that, one thing I will definitely do is to push a policeman down the s steert and run away. To appreciate mother-nature and the greens that provided me s ufficient oxygen to respire, I will plant a tree with my name carved on it.Among the crazy things that I do not want to miss to do is to pretend to be invisible just like drawing a picture using a white crayon on a white paper. From express mirth at a public reverberate to confessing my love to a traffic light, I wish to do all kind of things that will make people think I just upset my mind for one simple reason that I wish to relate to the sayings of Mahatma Gandhi, Live every moment of your life as if there is no tomorrow and as if there is no one watching.Among the few last things I will do is to fall in love. Somewhere between laughing for no reason, stupid arguments, and making fun of each other, I will fall for the him who is willing to catch me when I fall. Elvis Presley put it best in his classic love songs and I want to fall in love with no regrets. I want to be in love with a love that is nothing because nothing last forever and therefore my love will last forever. With commitments, trust and care I want to fell so living to be in love with the right man. Finally, I will prepare letters and leave it to cope up with my loved one once I am gone just like how Gerard Butler did to Hilary Swank in the movie, P.S. I Love You.As a well-spent day brings happy sleep, so a life well used brings happy death said by Leonardo da Vinci is the one thing that keeps me going and to stand up to live every day of my live doing things I want to do by simply being just the way I am.

Dr Faustus Essay

Look back at the two answers that you produced for naming one, and read carefully through your tutors comments. Remember to check that your tutor has written on your (PT3) form as well as the comments in the margins. You should choose one of your answers to rework. Your answer to this part of the assignment will subscribe to to be produced in two stages. First you will need to present the original versions the answer that you pretend chosen to rework. You should include your tutor make on this answer. Secondly, you should produce a new draft of your answer, swig on your tutors comments.Original version with comments. When we begin to read the startle three rimes of this passage we realize that the hellion Mephistopheles is actually referring to the Old part. This verse explains to us that the old mans faith in graven image is so strong that Mephistopheles cannot touch his soul. So he tries to afflict his body with pains, further the Old mans body is of minor worth. The Old mans soul is so beautiful whereas secure Faustuss soul is black due to reservation a pact with the devil. (Comment-Paul Dixon)Yes, well noted.Youve put these first lines of the extract nicely into context here, and your interpretation of them is very good. Do you think the fact that Mephistopheles has touched Faustuss soul contributes to the portrayal of him as a sad wiz? Mephistopheles calls by a daemon and brings forth Helen of Troy, apparently the most beautiful woman to ever be desired. Helen is famous for her abduction by Paris which guide to the Greeks starting a war over her which was called the Trojan War. Faustus has just witnessed in front of him Helen of Troy.He says the verse Whose sweet embracings may extinguish clean/ These thoughts that do dissuade me from my vow. (OConnor, 2003, pp. 101-103) In my sight he says this to divert his attention elsewhere as he doesnt want to be reminded of his thoroughgoing(a) damnation which soon awaits him. When Faustus begins to talk about Helen of Troy we are brought into reverie. We are struck by the rime of Marlowes text. The most famous quote of Doctor Faustus is Was this the face that launched a thousand ships/ And burnt the braless towers of Ilium? (Doctor Faustus, the A text, J. OConnor (2003) P. 101-103) This piece of text is quite interesting as it shows Faustus emotions of infatuation by Helen of Troy. Her lips suck forth my soul this verse explains the intensity of the besotted first kiss. By doing this Faustus fears that Helen has stolen his soul which could murder him immortal. From lines 91-95 in the passage there is clearly an iambic pentameter being played here but on the third and fourth line there is blank verses.Marlowe does this to achieve a dramatic effect on the audience. Faustus seems to give up all hope on eternal paradise. (comment-Paul Dixon) The whole extract is written in blank verse, which is unrhymed iambic pentameter (see Book 1, p. 35). The lines you refer to, lines 93 and 94, break the rhythm of the regular iambic pentameter for dramatic effect. Faustus says I will be Paris (Doctor Faustus, the A text, J. OConnor (2003) P. 101-103) its very unspoken for the reader not to pity him as he desperately wants to feel like a hero in love.Faustus seems to waste his intelligence on delusions of great importance. The lines O, thou art fairer than the evening air/ habilitate in the beauty of a thousand stars are a couplet this is a pair of accompanying lines of verse especially a pair that are the same length. (comment -Paul Dixon) This is potentially a good point, but you need to be more specific about how these lines create this effect. See the note to line 94 at the bottom of p. 102 of the set text.Doctor Faustus seems to have constant battles with his own head therefore making the play whatever(prenominal)what a psychological tragedy. Doctor Faustuss own imperfections lead him to make the terms decisions and judgments. Faustuss suffering was all a result of self-inflicted pain therefore making him a tragical hero and the audience sympathizing with him. (Comment-Paul Dixon) Good summary, but it would be even more effective if you had been a little more explicit about how some of the lines youve highlighted above contribute to the portrayal of Faustus as a tragic hero.Assesment Summary Comments- At the same time, you could be a bit more specific about how some of the passages that you highlight contribute to the portrayal of Faustus as a tragic hero. I notice that you have worn on an online source for several of your ideas in interpreting the extract. You can use and refer to such sources when writing your assignments, but I would advise you to keep this to a minimum. One of the main things you are being assessed on in AA100 is your knowledge and understanding of the AA100 study materials, so it will always be best to ely on them mostly (as you have in Part 1).In this case more reliance on the chapter by Anita Pacheco on Doc tor Faustus in Book 1 might have helped you to clear up some misunderstanding about blank verse and iambic pentameter. Having said that, you have evidently also made use of the notes in the set text of the play in interpreting and contextualizing the extract. More reference to the staff materials here would have raised your grade to a Pass 2, but I think the depth psychology you have done deserves a mark not too far off.

Family Violence Essay

Family abandon is non a red-hot pheno work forceon, as it has essenti whollyy existed since the beginning of time. Only in modern times, however lay down societies begun to agnise frenzy and family appendages as a friendly problem (Barnett, Miller-Perrin & Perrin, 2005). For some years, the aff able problem of family fierceness had not only been firmly ignored, however for a number of years, had not been fully understood. For fount, family force out takes manhoody forms and has a number of diametric names. Family vehework forcece, overly lastn as domestic wildness, bridal curse, strike, family fierceness, and learned partner force play (IPV), is defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by wholeness partner against an new(prenominal) in an intimate affinity such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation (Barnett et al., 2005). More everywhere, family delirium includes but is not limited to carnal deprave such as kicking and punching, but too incl udes sexual and emotional insult. Emotional abuse includes controlling or domineering intimidation stalking passive/covert abuse (neglect) and economic personnel casualty and in many cases is more than than severe than physical abuse.The changing visibility of family fierceness is the leading exp unrivallednt of the necessity of an historic incur out to regarding it (Gordon, 2002). Over the past few years, the gen geological eral public in the US has become familiar with family violence through news coverage of highly publicizes cases, TV programs and movies. At the same time, researchers have made great strides in recognizing the scope of family violence and the context in which it occurs (Barnett et al., 2005). As sociologists know of it today, family violence is politically, historically and well-disposedly constructed (Gordon, 2002). In terms of power traffic and functionalism, family violence arises come forth of power struggles in which members of the family atomi c number 18 contesting for resources and bene dresss (Gordon, 2002). Furthermore, these contests arise from both personal aspirations and change affectionate norms and conditions (Gordon, 2002). It is therefore pregnant to know that family violence spatenot be understood outside the context of the overall politics of the family. Historical perplexments that embrace to influence family violence include prominent changes in the billet of women and clawren (Gordon, 2002).It is imperative therefore for a historical outline of family violence to include a view of the changing power traffic among classes, sexes, and generations (Gordon, 2002). Political attitudes have also alter research findings about family violence. Both psychological and sociological considerations in the debate practically ignore the gender politics of family violence issues, and the gender implications of policy recommendations, not only when women or girls were the victims, but also when women were th e abusers (Gordon, 2002). Over the past 80 years, four major suits of family violence have be fag endvass and examined child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse of children and wife beating. In later years, there have been former(a) forms of family violence, which include sibling abuse (which is the most common form of family violence), and elder abuse (Gordon, 2002).Family violence has had many different faces historically, and has been classified in five different stages with different focuses periodically. The first was the 19th century and child saving(a) era, which was from 1876-1910. During this era, there was anti-cruelty to children driving that was influenced by the temperance movement. Emphasis on the cruelty done to kids was take aimd on the immigrant poor and never the respectable classes (Gordon, 2002). The progressive era was followed by a child saving era which lasted from 1910 -1930 which lead to an emphasis on child neglect. During this era, there was a decre ase emphasis on alcohol and identified an differentwise(prenominal) forms of stress such as poverty, unemployment and illness (Gordon, 2002). The depressed followed the progressive era where there was an increased defense for the conventional nuclear family.During the World War world war 2 era and the 1950s child neglect was more and more suck inn as emotional neglect and the 1960s and 70s was a period of increased medicalization of family violence which, as sociologists have identified can have extremely prejudicious affects (Gordon, 2002). A lot of attendance to family violence began to gain increasing importance during the time of the womens movement in the 1970s as a concern about wives being beaten by their husbands. interestingly enough, there was a rise in what some call the mens movement as response to the problem of domestic violence against men, which is largely omitted in the feminist conjecture (Barnett et al., 2005). Some flaws in the feminist approach to family violence (as well as others that entrust be further discussed in the paper), is that it has decrease domestic violence, especially against men as their likelihood of being killed by a fe potent intimate partner has decreased six-fold (Barnett et al., 2005).OVERVIEW OF SEMINAR READINGS WEEK 2Symbolic moveionism is a perspective which seeks to recognise how mint interact with others (Ingoldsby, Smith & Miller, 2004a). The possibleness claims that lot interact with one another by interpreting each others serves (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Their response is based on the meanings that they attach to such actions (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Thus, human interaction is largely negotiate by the use of symbols (Karp & Yoels, 1993). Authors Karp & Yoels (1993) discuss notions of the generalized other and formulationing-glass self-importance as examples of symbols with which we interact. In one instance, the self emerges from common expectations that others have about social norms ind oors a position inn (Karp & Yoels, 1993). But in another instance, people will self-evaluate themselves against the perceive judgments of others and act accordingly (Karp & Yoels, 1993). The emphasis on symbols brings attention to the roles people play. Role-playing is a key mechanism that allows people to see another persons perspective to understand what an action might mean (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a).In sum, no situation is static but preferably contextual (Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Individuals then through their own behavior and interaction with others, construct their exclusive social realities (Karp & Yoels, 1993 Ingoldsby et al., 2004a). Situating family violence deep down a instalwork of symbolic interactionism is great in that it provides a context within which people develop their personal interpretations of events. Therefore to understand family violence requires knowledge of the processes through which such interpretations emerge. Rosen (1996) and Mullaney (2007) illustrate ways in which interpretations of the self atomic number 18 at the core of domestic violence. Their findings argon essential for understanding how family violence continues over time. Findings also help to account for the formation and preservation of finis and social roles in society. In one respect, interpretations of the self be mediated through two primary orientations of communication processes of seduction and processes of entrapment (Rosen, 1996).This first is characterized by forces that tend to draw women into their bloods (romantic fantasies and romantic nuclear fusion reaction) and the second by forces that keep them there survival tactics, cognitive dissonance, axial rotation coaster kins, traumatic bonding, Romeo and Juliet effects, and peer-family collusion (Rosen, 1996). For example, within the modeling of symbolic interactionism, processes of seduction can be loosely defined as a dependent emotional state (Rosen, 1996). Individuals then, connect w ith partners because they internalize similar understandings of weakness and dependance to communicate observeings of love (Rosen, 1996). The interplay of such communication patterns facilitates an surround of spousal abuse that is likely to continue so long as interaction is repetitive (Rosen, 1996). Processes of entrapment on the other hand, can be argued to demonstrate the exteriorisation of the communication patterns found in processes of seduction.Once meanings of dependency and weakness have been internalized as being both legitimate and appropriate within the context of ones relationship, these women rationalize such behavior as the norm and thus stay. Survival tactics for example illustrate these efforts, by which women actively engage towards relationship management of an abusive relationship, otherwise internalized as an acceptable social norm. In contrast, Mullaney (2007) identifies low egotism as a correlate of mens raving mad behavior. Domestic violence then, is a r eaction to the attacks or perceived attacks on mens self-concept (Mullaney, 2007). Mullaney (2007) argues that men will most often justify, yet also minimize, salvage, or blame and offer no apology on account for their violence towards women.These categories serve as scripts through which sensings of masculinity are restored (Mullaney, 2007). If threatened, masculinity evolves accordingly as men interpret the actions of those around them. For example, womens irrational spending habits may undermine mens role as financial provider (Mullaney, 2007). Men would argue that such habits do not align functionally with womens domestic and social roles (Mullaney, 2007). By doing so, mens responses are based on the meanings which they attach to such actions and reflect ethnical expectations of gender difference. This is problematic because it helps promote and develop stereotypically gendered selves (Mullaney, 2007). Symbolic interactionism then, becomes useful in demonstrating how dominant ideologies of gender are enacted within the interactions of marital relationships, and lend to domestic violence in the process.THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVESFeminist TheoryThe bow of feminist possibility begins with the inclusion of gender and power. Feminists argue that the distinctions amongst males and females are not inherent or functional rather they are socially constructed to create and maintain male power in society and thus the family (Yllo, 1993). This sense of patriarchy reinforces traditional social roles and the relationship among the division of power and gender. The feminist perspective paint a pictures that men use violence to retain their dominance or sense of control within the institution of the family. Thus, the feminist range of a function debates that domestic violence is utilized as another means of the social control of women, and takes roots at a personal, institutional, symbolic and material level. The application of a feminist lens to Rosens (1996) obli gate allows for a very different approach to the processes of abduction and entrapment. The feminist perspective would likely let off that the forces drawing women into abusive relationships were largely overdue(p) to the social expectations of femininity and masculinity. The concept of romantic fantasies can be explored through gender identities.Here society portrays the male as being a strong, aggressive, independent individual and the female as a weak, docile individual that is largely dependant on their partner. For instance, the fantasy of Cinderella eludes that a man can protect a woman and save her from her problems. Feminists would suggest that women fall victim to these relationships due to the inequalities portrayed by traditional gender norms. Feminist theorists would likely explain the concept of romantic fusion as being due to the extremely controlling nature of husbands within a patriarchal marriage. This type of relationship is defined as Patriarchal Terrorism (Joh nson, 1995). Here, the woman in the relationship would be constrained to part with her individual characteristics and become completely devoted to her husband (Johnson, 1995). Furthermore, the husband may further conquer the identity of the woman by refusing to allow her to go to work or maintain friends outside of the unfeigned relationship.The feminist lens would offer a slightly different interpretation of the processes that restrict women from escaping abusive relationships. though women may still use act mechanisms and adhere to other social forces, outlined by symbolic interactionaists, feminist scheme suggests two main movements why they stay in hazardous relationships. The first reason women stay in abusive relationships is fro the sake of their children (Emery, 2009). In cases such as these women will stay with the jailed of maintaining some stability for their kids by stressful keeping the family in tact. The other reasons women may stay are due to the normalization of gender norms in society. Feminist theory sees the root causes of intimate partner violence as a causation of living in a society that excuses aggressive male behaviours (Yllo, 1993). In other words, because these behaviours are so normative, some women may excuse the behavior and treat it as the norm. What is perceived as the norm also varies crossways culture. Even today, many cultures adhere to traditional hegemonic norms and strongly believe women should be completely subservient to their husbands. In cases such as this, abuse may be attached to impossible to escape.The application of the feminist perspective to Mullaneys (2007) denomination would allow for a similar analysis of the attitudes of men and their reasons for rationalizing their abusive behaviours. Mullaney (2007) suggests that men will often become waste due to low self-esteem and a perceived attack on their self-concept. The feminist lens would suggest that men become uncivilised due to the inequalities in society that allow men an advantage position and with that gendered norms. Traditional hegemonic masculine norms suggest that men should be leaders that are strong, in control and tough. This is what the men in the study were trying to demonstrate. Whenever, they felt that their sense of masculinity was being challenged they would lash out in an attempt to regain control. The lock Model of Domestic Violence further provides a precise framework in displaying the interconnectedness between violence and other forms of coercive control. Simply put, the feminist theory suggests that men use violence as a tactic of controlling their abused wives from participating in actions they have not sanctioned.Family Systems TheoryThe Family Systems theory provides a very rum, holistic perspective on the topic of violence in the family. This perspective describes the family as a unit of interacting personalities. Sociologist Ernest Burgess, best summarized this perspective when he stated that the family is more then just a definition it is a living, super personality that has its essence in the interaction of its members (Ingoldsby, Smith & Miller, 2004b). Each member of the family plays a very important role in the overall functioning of the unit. When applied to the topic of violence in the institution of the family, this paradigm focuses on the family dynamics that contribute to domestic abuse. Subsequently less attention is focused on the individual perpetrating the violence and more attention is paid to the environment surrounding the violence and the role each character in the family plays. The Family Systems perspective offers a diverse interpretation of Rosens (1996) article on the processes of abduction and entrapment.Family Systems Theorists differ with respect to how they feel that women are drawn into abusive relationships. This perspective identifies the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions that certain females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families function, one may be able to see the recycling effect due to unre operated or knockdown-dragout backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from. They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of this behavior and think the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and ideas of control.Family Systems Theory offers a unique interpretation as to the role women play in becoming stuck in abusive relationships. In the stages forego marriage, women will often date their partner, season simultaneously leading separate lives which consist of separate relations. As the commitment in a relationship increases, a couple begins to modify their individual social lives. In these types of situations, both men and women will often make more time for one another. This allows for the woman to feel appreciated and loved. As the relationship continues to progress, incidents of sexual jealously among men will often become a major source of conflict. This sense of possessiveness will ultimately cause the female to begin severing ties with male friends, and become increasingly committed to her future husband (Dobash & Dobash, 1993). Once married, dramatic changes occur and the extreme coarctation of the wives social life takes place. With the introduction of children, comes the solidification of traditional gendered norms. Wives become extremely restricted and are go away responsible for domestic work, such as the operation of the home (Dobash & Dobash, 1993).This may cause women to become increasingly dependant on their husbands. Subsequently, when sources of conflict occur, such as sexual jealous y, disputes over domestic duties or the outlay of money, women may feel that they have no mobility and are stick in their current situation. Lastly, Family Systems Theory offers a holistic approach to the factors found in Mullaneys (2007) article that cause men abuse their partners. wish Feminists, Family Systems theorists also believe that a very important aspect of traditional hegemonic masculinity is the element of control. However, impertinent the feminist theory this approach attempts to understand what causes men to lose control.One explanation is that violent men often feel as if they may lose control, if they express their emotions, and thus hold it in. This in turn, causes violent men to generally be less emotionally reactive to stress on a periodical basis, then non-violent men (Umberson, Anderson, Williams, & Chen, 2003). Though in the short term, repression may be a successful coping strategy for reducing stress and anxiety, it causes the individual increased predic aments in the long run. Repression turns a violent man into a ticking-time bomb, one that is ready to explode in a violent manner.As a result, unlike feminist theories or social interactionism, family systems theory attempts to understand violence in the family by examining every mutually beneficial part of the family. This includes the part both the victims and the offenders play, as well as the role everyday stresses and ones immediate environment have in contributing to family violence.Social ConstructionismThe methodological approach of Social Constructionism somewhat contrasts the assumptions of other hypothetical perspectives that explore the issue of family violence. This paradigm suggests that the emergence of social problems is heavily due to how society, or more specifically institutions within society such as the mainstream media, portrays the issue at hand. Furthermore, social constructionists are often referred to as claims-makers, in that they present a claim that at tempts to define the problem at hand. These claims can be heavily influenced by the agenda of the claims-maker, and will clearly identify the roles of the characters within the construct of the event. For instance, social constructionists will identify the perpetrator of the violence as the villain and the abused partner as the victim. The analysis of Rosens article surrounding the processes involved with seduction and entrapment, using a constructionist lens, provides a different interpretation to the ways women become reverberate to abusive relations.This perspective focuses on the subjective definitions that cause social problems and look to frame the phenomena of family violence as a social problem (Loseke, 2005). For instance, symbolic interactionism maintains that some abused women are bound to relationships by the process of cognitive dissonance. In cases such as this, women create discrepancies between what they believe the violence in the relationship signifies and what is actually happening. Constructionists on the other hand will focus very precise time into how women construct the violent situations. Instead this perspective theorizes that these women have fallen victims to the violent, controlling nature of their abusive, wicked male partners (Loseke, 2005). The media or other primary claims-makers would further emphasis on violent verbal claims, optic images and specific behaviours. The reason of this is to evoke the emotions of society in order to persuade society that a tumultuous condition exists.The application of a constructions lens to Mullaneys article on the reasons and types of rationalizations men provide for spousal abuse would allow theorists a better understanding of the ways victims and villains perceive family violence. The social constructionist lens suggests that men create their own social reality. This reality allows men to rationalize their behaviours. For example, in Mullaneys (2007) article men would often minimize, jus tify or even deny abusive behaviours. These men will often excuse their behaviours by blaming social or external factors, such as alcohol abuse and the structural problems associated with poverty. These claims are sometimes able to persuade audiences and have allowed for some villains to be rehabilitated through the medicalization of their deviance.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESSymbolic InteractionismSymbolic Interactionism is a key tool to examine domestic violence and its various intricacies. In essence, SI theory attempts to look at domestic violence from the viewpoint of individuals and their interactions with other people. This theory explains that individuals are engulfed in a symbolized environment, where the meanings for these symbols are altered within the course of interaction with other people (Karp & Yoels, 1993). For example, in the article The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment, SI is exemplified in the notion o f cognitive dissonance. If a man were to slap his wife, while she may see this as an expression or symbol of love, many other people would see this as abuse. Therefore, the difference and meanings of symbols is very fluid, changing and subjective.Furthermore, SI theory is extremely effective in allowing researchers to understand and describe the individuals and their behaviors. It allows an understanding of how conflicts and complex behavioral patterns may arise in relationships, and how the interpretations of symbols may play a role in domestic disputes. This theory is quite effective in predicting future behavior (SI theory is advantageous to use as it grows and adapts to changes within society) and the roles they may play in the relationship either as a perpetrator or a victim, and the context in which these roles are play (Karp & Yoels, 1993). Rosen (1996) explains and clumps together some(prenominal) types of entrapment processes, such as placation or isolation, which predicts why and how females are coerced to remain in that sort of relationship.In addition, this theory does lack certain key elements in understanding domestic violence in its entirety. callable to the quite narrow scope of analysis, it is not very useful in understanding more macro levels of interactions such as groups or family systems. Another disadvantage is that it is quite serious to apply the theory to other cultures, as its findings and hypotheses are based on a singular cultural atmosphere. Since monotony across cultures does not exist, a grand, overarching theory of domestic violence cannot be establi tramp, thereby making international or cross-cultural comparisons quite trying.FeminismDomestic violence as viewed through the feminist perspective focuses on the relationship between gender and the division of power in the familial framework (Yllo, 1993). This framework allows domestic abuse to be viewed in a way that is quite distinct from other theories. Feminist theory reveal s that the social expectations regarding masculinity and femininity give relationships their physique, which may result in violent and abusive familial relations (Yllo, 1993). Feminist theory allows for the recognition of the effects of patriarchy in an abusive relationship, which is normally neglected in other theories. For instance, the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) looks at the violence in families, however it neglects several other aspects that could contribute to violence. CTS assumes that males and females are both equally violent in domestic relationships however, feminists note that CTS fails to account for the social expectations (Yllo, 1993).The social expectations of the division of power between a male and female within a relationship can give rise to the abuse and therefore, it cannot be assumed that males and females are equally violent and there are statistical measures that portray a gendered view. For example in the reading, Patriarchal terrorism and common couple v iolence two forms of violence against women it can be seen that feminism denotes a difference in the types of violence that occur in domestic partnerships and further differentiates between common couple violence and patriarchal terrorism. This article notes that while CTS looks only at a limited number of control tactics, feminism can shed light to several other controlling methods. While, one can see that feminist theory brings up key defining points that are commonly overlooked, it does remain flawed in many respects.Feminist theory is difficult to apply to forms of domestic violence except for spousal abuse specifically it only examines the abuse directed towards women. It automatically victimizes the female, and thereby situates the male in role of the villain. Another disadvantage of using just feminist theory is that same-sex relationships are also not taken into account in their analyses, since it is assumed in feminist analysis that males are the perpetrators and use viole nce in the relationship to control women.For instance in the article, The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment, the analyses are based on the observation of heterosexual relationships. It did not look at how and if these processes of entrapment are applicable to homosexual relationships, for instance, do the Cinderella or Beauty and the Beast paradigm still adequately explain why homosexuals remain in violent relationships. It can be seen that there is a victim/perpetrator structure of the violent relationship, however it cannot be concluded that the processes that entrap victims in violent relationship are similar for same-sex couples.Family Systems TheoryFamily systems theory is a more holistic approach to understanding abuse within the family and further looks into how everyone within this framework is interconnected. Therefore, it explains how the individual affects the family system and vice versa. through and through th is analysis, one key contribution of this theory is that it paves the way of identifying the connection between family goals, rules and control, and how together one can fully understand the development and causation of domestic abuse (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). For example in the article by Rosen (1996), it can be seen that by using family systems theory and studying familial interactions, certain females may be predisposed to the Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast paradigms. By looking at how their families function, one may be able to see the recycling effect due to unresolved or violent backgrounds these victimized individuals may come from.They may fall into a similar pattern from what they know at home, thereby examining the origins of this behavior and viewing the interconnectedness of how one internalizes family rules and ideas of control. In the article, Stay for the Children? Husband Violence, Marital Stability, and Childrens Behavior Problems it clearly articulates that t he violent behavior is internalized or externalized by children by prolonged exposure of violent behavior. The cyclical pattern of violence is foreseeable in these sorts of family arrangements, thereby being consistent with the idea that the system of family and the individuals within it are affected by each other on a constant basis. Family Systems theory also helps identify the different sorts of family structures in terms of their communicational boundaries and also allows the recognition of the various outcomes for a particular situation (Ingoldsby et al., 2004b). sagaciousness that there are multiple outcomes for a given situation dos a more encompassing investigating and limits the likelihood of leaving something out or missing a key-contributing factor. It also allows a point of differentiation, and assumes that not all people react the same when the situation arises. This is important as it further provides the researcher with a defining and narrowing point as to which sor t of family has a higher likelihood for domestic violence to occur and persist. Some of the downfalls of using family systems theory are that it is often criticized that it is too general and therefore, its application remain vague. The vagueness stretches from the assumption that systems theory is not a true theory rather it is a model that is more methodological than theoretical.Social ConstructionismSocial constructionist theory is a popular theory used to examine the roles played in an abusive relationship. An advantage of constructionist theory is that it clearly identifies the victim and the villain within the construct of the particular event (Loseke, 2005). Claims-makers are portrayed as practical actors constructing successful claims that reflect existing culture, and producing new culture of various social problems, specifically family violence. Social constructionism also allows domestic violence issues to be raised to the head teacher and become more public, through th e media. Through its application and explanations, this theory can be used to base how knowledge is socially constructed and how that knowledge reflects power and politics in family violence situations. Furthermore, it can give shape to other forms of domestic violence through counter claims making, such as husband abuse. Unlike other theories, constructionism is quite useful in examining other types of abuse and not singularly looking at wife abuse like feminism (Loseke, 2005). Constructionism allows for the understanding of child or elder abuse in the household.This theory also helps understand how people construct realities that keep them in abusive relationships, and how the relationship may be viewed differently to other people. In the article by Mullaney (2007), the construction of the mens reality of the situation may differ from what abuse has occurred to the wife. The husband may reframe the abuse as non-violent or suggest that in that instance of abuse that it was not the real him that was carrying out the abuse. The disadvantages of using social constructionist theory are that due to the fact that individual events are a crucial component to the analysis, its subjectivity allows much room for debate. This makes it difficult to develop a theory that can encompass all the social realities and have it apply to all domestic violence cases cross-culturally.While looking at the article Creating clients Social problems work in a shelter for battered women, it can be seen that shelters create an ideal client that one must fit in order to be allowed to be in the shelter. Creating this sort of criteria leaves out many other people who typically do not fit the stereotype or do not meet the conditions set out by the providers even though they are in need of assistance. Using this theory, it seems as though society has constructed an ideal victim and those who do not appear to fit this idealistic view of a victim are often rejected despite their need for immedi ate attention.Social constructionism therefore does not grant that everyone experiencing violence will be offered assistance, as this is based on the shelters perception of what a victim should look like. Family violence is a very serious social problem, and while social critics focus on how to achieve social change in this regard, social constructionists work to achieve new knowledge. Thus, social constructionism does not only pose a potentially dangerous approach to understanding and handling of family violence, but it also does not examine objective conditions in their own right and seek to solve this social problem essentially there are no real truths due to the subjectivity of the theory. demonstrationAlthough much research and knowledge has been gathered in the field of family violence, there are ways in which this research must progress. suppositionally, family systems theory, symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, and feminist perspectives each have advantages in their application. As previously discussed, they each additionally have faults that hinder the study of family violence. We propose that a new theoretical framework be considered which essentially combines different aspects of each. For example, the notions of cause and effect associated with family systems, with an understanding of roles, salience and identity associated with symbolic interactionism. These theories can additionally be used to critically examine the core concepts of each. For example, how is the process of the looking-glass self influenced by the double-bind. Theoretical application in these ways may lead to new ways of perceiving family violence.The study of family violence also should attempt to increase its scope. Studies of family violence must adjust due to emerging and increasingly common alternate(a) family forms same-sex parent families and polygamous relationships are such examples. Methodologically, the study of family violence should attempt to attain a more culturally diverse sample. Many of the readings focused on this semester relied on a predominantly Caucasian sample, and studies direction on different ethnicities would be beneficial. If researchers are to examine alternative family forms they must also establish a methodological analysis that is sensitive to the stigma surrounding different identities, for example the emasculation associated with husband abuse, or the crossing of a homosexual identity within a context of family violence. Researchers should also establish a methodology that accounts for those patterns of violence considered less severe than others such as verbal abuse, as studies pertaining solely to physical violence are not enough. Practically, we suggest that researchers focus on early intercession through education.Researchers should aim for the implementation of programs directed to informing children and teenagers about this social issue. With increased awareness may come increased action towards endi ng the problem. These programs may assist a young person who is dealing with family violence, giving them an opportunity to sing to someone about it. Making the issue visible, giving it a platform to be discussed and early intervention is requisite to decreasing the frequency of family violence. The application of different aspects of the theories discussed this semester will be beneficial to the study of family violence as a whole. The fallacies of one theory may be redeemed through the usage of another. When evaluating such troubling social issues such as family violence, it is important to always think critically.In the cases of physical violence, we know that though symbolic interactionism, family members react to a situation based on their ability interpret the situation. So, it is important to understand the symbols the family uses to understand their interactions and behaviors. If a family is exposed to continuous physical abuse, in what ways do the family members interpret and internalize it? Why is it that many of the abused women came from families where no abuse was present and moreover continue the rhythm of abuse? Where has the self worth gone or was it ever there in the first place? We now know some of the reasons why family violence is not reported and a lot of it has to do with the social stigma that is attributed both by those receiving the abuse and those who are the abusers. By building on rather than challenging the theories we can expand our knowledge and practically implement programs to assist those dealing with family violence.REFERENCESBarnett, O. W., Miller-Perrin, C. L., & Perrin, R. D. (2005). Family violence across the lifespan An introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications. Dobash, R. E. & Dobash, R. (1993). Violence against wives. In B. Fox (Ed.), Familypatterns Gender relations (pp. 299-317). Toronto Oxford University Press. Emery, C. R. (2009). Stay for the children? Husband violence, marital stability, and c hildrens behavior problems. Journal of espousals and the Family, 71, 905-916. Gordon, L. (1989). The politics and history of family violence. In A. Skolnick & J. Skolnick (Eds.), Family in Transition (pp. 68-86). Glenview, Illinois Scott, Foresman and Company. Ingoldsby, B., Smith, S., & Miller, J. (2004a). Symbolic interactionism theory. In B. Ingoldsby, S. Smith, & J. Miller (Eds.), Exploring family theories (pp. 81-92). CA Roxbury Publishing Company. Ingoldsby, B., Smith, S., & Miller, J. (2004b). Family systems theory. In B. Ingoldsby, S. Smith, & J. Miller (Eds.), Exploring family theories (pp. 167-179). CA Roxbury Publishing Company. Johnson, M. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 283-294. Karp, D., & Yoels, B. (1993). Socialization and the construction of social reality. In D. Karp & W. Yoels (Eds.), Sociology in everyday life (pp. 37-59). Illinois Waveland Press. Loseke, D. R. (2005). Construction people. In D. R. Loseke (Ed.), thought about social problems An introduction to constructionist perspective (pp. 75-96). London Aldine Transaction. Mullaney, J. L. (2007). Telling it like a man Masculinities and battering mens accounts of their violence. Men and Masculinities, 10, 222-247. Rosen, K. (1996). The ties that bind women to violent premarital relationships Processes of seduction and entrapment. In D. Cahn & S. Lloyd (Eds.), Family violence from a communication perspective (pp. 151-176). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. Umberson, D., Anderson, K., Williams, K., and Chen, M. (2003). Relation dynamics, emotion state, and domestic violence a stress and masculinities perspective. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 65, 233-247. Yllo, K. (1993). Through a feminist lens Gender, power, and violence. In R. Gelles & D. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park Sage Publications.

Cohabitation Before Marriage Essay

Does spirit unneurotic in the lead marriage help or hurt relationships? This question has plagued couples for the last few decades, as both the numbers of those living together without being wed and the rate of divorce has grown. I hold living together forwards marriage give the gate only help batch avoid divorce, as they ar given the chance to see what it is like to blistering with either the specific person, or a person for the first time. This also brings up the questions of why divorce rates are up and whether it has anything to do with living together before marriage.I bring certain prejudices about it, believing that living together before marriage does not negatively impact couples ability to stay together after marriage, as I lose seen it work many times. In the end, I will attempt to make the radio link between the two, if there is one, or explain why people think there may be. SOURCES Hurley, D. (2005, April 19). divide roam Its Not as High as You Think. The New York Times. Divorce Statistics Collection. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http//www. divorcereform. org/nyt05. hypertext markup language Knadler, J.(2005, December). Is cinque Years the New Forever? universal. Vol. 239, Iss. 6 pg. 149-152. Kramer, E. (2004, October). COHABITATION JUST A PHASE? Psychology Today. Vol. 37, Iss. 5 pg. 28-29. Whether because of the instinct to procreate, emotional desire, or compulsion to follow social norms, human pair-bonding leads often to marriage. Defined as a social institution, apparitional sacrament, and personal commitment, marriage continues to evolve, growing to include a much relaxed posture to divorce and the practice of cohabitation before marriage.Both of these subjects have sparked heated debates, with the issue of cohabitation before marriage being the latest be activement in the realm of matrimony. While many opponents of cohabitation before marriage cite a lack of core family and moral values that have sanctified union through marriage for millennia, new-fangled studies have shown that cohabitation before marriage is not only increasing in popularity, notwithstanding may be beneficial compared to marriage first, as evidenced by the increasing divorce rate among married couples, the go down of overall marriages, and the ever-changing landscape of marriage throughout history.Marriage between a man and a woman has long been the backbone of social cooperation and society itself. Marriage offered greater economic stability, the opportunity to score heirs, and was often utilized as a tool to strengthen alliances between groups. Marriage echoed the foundational desire for societal regulations and norms, and like society, marriage continuously evolved, redefining itself and its purpose. From the days ancient Mesopotamia to Greece and Rome, marriage was largely a civic obligation.However, the proliferation of polytheistic religions as ultimate moral authorities transformed marriage into an expression of faith . Until the emergence of modern nation-states, most marriages were conducted under one or another religious regime. Starting with the Protestant Reformation, most states took over their ascendent religions marriage laws debate has ensued ever since whenever a nation deviates from the still powerful religious rules that sanctify marriage (Miller, 1999).Despite these dogmatic rules, outlawed actions such as unmarried cohabitation and divorce have become commonplace among couples, and the cause and effects are mixed. According to an analysis of new census figures by The New York Times, married couples, whose numbers have been declining for decades as a proportion of Ameri keep households, have slipped into a minority in the United States. The American Community Survey, released in October by the Census Bureau, found that 49. 7 percent, or 55.2 million, of the nations 111. 1 million households in 2005 were made up of married couples with and without children just shy of a majority an d down from much than 52 percent five age earlier (Hurley, 2005). This trend shows that less and less heterosexual couples are choosing to get married, instead preferring to cohabitate and have children without marriage. Cohabitation can have many important benefits that marriage cannot, even if it comes with no religious sanctification or government protection.Cohabitation before marriage can be for a variety of reasons. Some couples may use it to see if they can live with the person, while others may do it simply out of convenience, and still others may do it for more pragmatical reasons such as to save money. Susan Sassler, a sociology professor at Ohio State University, inter heaped under alumnus and graduate students who had been living with a romantic partner for at least three months and asked them why they decided to move in with their partners.Fewer than a third of interviewees reported discussing their ideas for the future before making the move, and even less had ment ioned marriage in their discussions with their partners nearly a fifth specifically stated that they werent using cohabitation as a trial for marriage, and the most commonly cited reasons for moving in together were saving money, convenience and the take a right smart for housing (Kramer, 2004). This study helps show that cohabitation before marriage is not necessarily anything more than a operable move on the part of the couple.Whether or not the couple gets married seems to be secondary to the mutually beneficial arrangement that can allow many young couples to pursue personal and professional goals more easily with the support system offered by such a thing as marriage, with the freedom offered by being single. In the United States, it is widely believed that one in two marriages will end in divorce, so while many couples live together out of sheer practicality, cohabitation may be a good way to avoid the increasing divorce rate.The rate of divorce today is considered to be a bout 43% by the National Center for Health Statistics but was moved back up to more or less 50% by the Census Bureau in 2002. Most recently, according to the New York Times, it has been revised down to just over 40%. (Crouch, 2005) This lower figure could be due to the fact that less people are get married and choosing instead to cohabitate, but it cannot be denied that less people are getting and staying married than ever before.The proliferation of cohabitation before marriage could be for a great number of reasons, including the increasingly unbendable pace of society, a more cynical view of traditional morality, or even the more evolved view that couples do not have to sanctify their union through religion or law. Studies on booming cohabitation are difficult to perform, and no concrete statistics such as divorce rates offer unclouded answers to its ultimate success or failure.However, moving past religious and social dogma that often frowns upon cohabitation before marriag e, it would seem to be preferential for young couples to do before getting married, and many have. According to Jessie Knadler of Cosmopolitan Magazine, many couples today live together before they marry, roughly 70 percent versus less than 5 percent 40 years ago (Knadler, 2005). While this number suggests that virtually all couples that marry live together first, it also leads to a pitfall that cohabitating couples must avoid, namely seeing marriage as the following logical step in the relationship.As evidenced in the Sassler study, many of these cohabitating couples are doing it out of practical reasons, sharing money, bank accounts, bills, and such to move this arrangement into marriage without a strong foundation is a risky mistake that ends in divorce nearly half of the time. The casual acceptance of divorce in todays society seems to offer couples an easy way out whenever they so choose, unlike a few short decades ago when divorce was considered taboo.Divorce ultimately costs not only the couple, but also society as a whole, in legal fees and wasted court time. While breakups are rarely pleasant, they can prevent many of these personal fights from entering the public arena. The success of any marriage, relationship, or partnership depends on the trust and commitment of those who enter into it. Cohabitation can be a good way to lead to marriage, but it takes work and honesty between both partners. If the partners see a future with apiece other, marriage is the next logical step.However, if they are living together out of convenience, perhaps marriage is a bad idea. And, while marriage continues to evolve and to some degree evaporate, human relationships will always be too complex and diverse to generalize.REFERENCESCrouch, J. (2005). Divorce Rates. Divorce Reform Page. Americans for Divorce. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http//www. divorcereform. org/rates. html Hurley, D. (2005, April 19). Divorce Rate Its Not as High as You Think. The New York Times. Divorce Statistics Collection. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http//www. divorcereform. org/nyt05. html Knadler, J. (2005, December). Is Five Years the New Forever? Cosmopolitan. Vol. 239, Iss. 6 pg. 149-152. Kramer, E. (2004, October). COHABITATION JUST A PHASE? Psychology Today. Vol. 37, Iss. 5 pg. 28-29. Miller, M. (1999, walk/April). What is Marriage For? A Conversation with E. J. Graff. UU World Magazine. 37 pars. Retrieved August 9, 2008, from http//www. uua. org/world/0399feat3. html