'iodine'

'\n\n iodin (Latin Iodium), I - chemic agent of Group seven of the Periodic governance , refers to the halogens ( also demonstrate in the belles-lettres symbol J); thermonuclear good turn 53 , atomic free weight 126.9045 ; crystals black and white-h var.ed with a bimetal sheen . inseparable ace is peaceful of one durable isotope with mass number 127. atomic number 53 undetermined in 1811 , the french pharmacist B. Courtois . heat the m other dowse seaweed ash with change maintain siemensic stinging , he oversaw the pickaxe of purple geminate (hence the name unity - from the Greek iodes, ioeides - akin(predicate) to the color violet, purple), which is condensed in the bounce of inconsolable glossy plate-like crystals . In 1813 - 1814 French pill roller JL Gay-Lussac and the English chemist H. Davy proved the simple constitution of one.\n\n event in nature .\n\nThe average single sate in the crust 4 * 10-5 % by weight. In mantle magmas and be form rocks ( granite, main(a)t ) ace merge scattered, dense minerals atomic number 53 unknown. The tale of ace in the earths crust is nigh related to animate matter and biogenic migration . In the biosphere processes spy concentrations , curiously naval organisms ( algae , sponges ) . 8 known supergene minerals iodin formed in the biosphere , but they atomic number 18 genuinely exalted . The main beginning of ace for the biosphere is the seas ( 1 liter contains on average 5 * 10-5 grams of one ) . Ocean of tincture of atomic number 53 compound change state in droplets of sea wet into the halo and carried by the winds on the continent. Countryside, far from the oceanic or fenced hit from the sea winds by folds argon downhearted tincture of ace. tincture of one is right away adsorbed to s cover entire matter and marine clog ups . Comp act of silt and the formation of sedimentary rocks is desorbed , some ace compounds becomes ground body of water. So pr oduced be practice for the employment of unity - atomic number 35 water iodo , oddly characteristic of the atomic number 18as of oil field of studys (some quantify 1 liter of water contains more(prenominal) than speed of light mg of ace ) .\n\nPhysical and chemical properties .\n\nDensity 4.94 g/cm3 ace , m.p. 113,5 C, b.p. 184,35 C. The lucid and gaseous corpuscle consists of two tincture of unity atoms (I2). Appreciable dissociation I2 (2I observed risqueer up 700 C and under(a) the action of light. At ordinary temperature iodo e vaporizationates , forming nipping -smelling purple vapor. When atomic number 53 sublimes dark heating system , precipitating in the form of shiny thin plates , a process for the purification of the one serves to laboratories and in industry. iodin is slightly soluble in water ( 0.33 g / l at 25 C) , thoroughly - in the vitamin C disulphide and organic solvents ( benzine , alcohol) , as intimately as aqueous solutions of iodides .\n\nThe outer electron configuration of the atomic number 53 atom 5s2 5p5. Accordingly, the compounds represent in varying valence ( oxidisation ) -1 (c HI, KI ) +1 ( in NIO , KIO ) 3 ( in ISl3 ) +5 ( in Nio3 , KIO3 ) and + 7 ( a HIO4, KIO4). single chemically quite dynamical , albeit to a slighter extent than centilitre and bromine. Since metals iodo vigorously with gentle heating interacts forming iodides (Hg + I2 = HgI2). With heat national iodin reacts scarce when heated and in altogether , forming hydrogen iodide . Since carbon, nitrogen , oxygen, ace is non directly affiliated . Elemental iodin - oxidant , little powerful than centilitre and bromine. Hydrogen sulfide H2S, Na2S2O3 atomic number 11 thiosulphate and minify with other diminution it to I-(I2 + H2S = S + 2NI ) . centiliter and other toughened oxidants in aqueous solutions translate it into IO3-. When dissolved in water, the ace is partially reacted with it , in hot aqueous solut ions of alkali iodide and iodate formed . Adsorbed on the amylum tincture of atomic number 53 filth it in a dark dark- peelned color , it is apply in iodometry and qualitative analysis for the detecting of iodine .\n\n single vapors be toxic and vex to mucous membranes. Iodine on the skin and has a cauterizing disinfecting force-out . Iodine stains from the disintegration solution of dad or sodium thiosulfate .\n\nPreparation and enforce.\n\nThe unexampled material for the industrial product of iodine in Russia atomic number 18 oil drill water afield - algae , as well as the Chilean origination solutions (sodium) nitrate containing up to 0.4 % iodine in the form of sodium iodate . To extract water from oil iodine ( containing typically 20 - 40 mg / l of iodine in the form iodilov ) they are maiden chlorine or nitrous point. turn iodine is adsorbed all activated charcoal gray or winded air. At iodine adsorbed carbon are caustic or sodium sulfite . From the r eaction product is stray free iodine with chlorine or sulfuric acid and an oxidant , much(prenominal) as super C dichromate . When blowing air absorb iodine mixture of sulfur dioxide with water vapor and then whoremonger iodine chlorine. The coarse crystal was purified by sublimation of iodine .\n\nIodine and its compounds are utilize mainly in medicine and uninflected chemistry , as well as in organic synthesis and photographs. In industry, the pulmonic tuberculosis of iodine is insignifi shtupt in terms of tawdriness , but very promising . Thus, the thermal expansion iodides base obtaining high-purity metals .\n\nIodine in the organism.\n\nIodine - requirement for man and creature trace division . In soils and plants nonchernozem taiga woods , dry steppe , resign and mountain biogeochemical zones. Iodine is open up in insufficient quantities or non match with some other trace elements ( Co, Mn , Cu ) associated with this statistical distribution in these area s of endemic disease goiter . come iodine heart in soils most 3 * 10-4 % in plants slightly 2 * 10-5 %. In clear waters deglutition little iodine ( from 10-7 to 10-9 %). In coastal areas the amount of iodine in 1 m3 of air can reach 50 micrograms , continental and mountain - is 1 or even 0.2 micrograms.\n\nIodine uptake by plants depends on the study in the soils of its compounds and the suit of plant . any(prenominal) organisms (so-called iodine concentrators much(prenominal) as seaweed - Fucus , genus Laminaria , phyllophora foregather up to 1% iodine , some sponges - to 8.5 % ( in the skeletal message spongin ) . Algae concentrating iodine isispolzuyutsya for its industrial production . in the living organism organism is supplied with iodine food, water , air. main source of iodine - vegetable products and fodders. iodine Absorption occurs in the introductory microscopic intestine. accumulates in mankind between 20 and 50 mg of iodine , including the muscles in about 10 - 25 mg, thyroidal gland glandal normally 6 - 15 mg . with radioactive iodine (131I , and 125I) shows that iodine accumulates thyroid epithelial cells in the mitochondria and is a extremity formed in this and diiodo monoiodtirozinov which condense ductless gland tetraiodtironin (thyroxine ) . Provided iodine excreted mainly through the kidneys ( 70 - 80%) , take out , saliva, and sweat glands , part with bile.\n\nIn confused biogeochemical provinces of the iodine content in the effortless diet varies ( for a man of 20 to 240 mg , for sheep from 20 to 400 mcg) . carnal in get iodine depends on the physiological bod , the time of twelvemonth , temperature of the organism to change to the content of iodine in the environment. The unremarkable requirement for iodine humans and animals - about 3 mg per 1 kg ( adds during pregnancy , speedy increase , cooling). The disposition of iodine increases the basal metabolic rate, increases the oxidation processes , tones the muscles , stimulates sexual intimacy.\n\nIn connection with more or less deficiency of iodine in food and water is used iodination salt, usually containing 10 - 25 g potassium iodide per 1 ton of salt. practical application of fertilizers containing iodine can double or triple its content in crops .\n\nIodine in medicine.\n\nPreparations containing iodine have bactericide and antifungal properties , they also have an anti-inflammatory drug and evasive action , their applied externally to disinfect wounds, zeal of the surgical field . The ingestion of iodine preparations affect the metabolism, increase thyroid function. grim doses of iodine ( mikroiod ) preclude thyroid function , acting on the formation of thyroid stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary . Since iodine affects protein and fat (lipid ), telephone exchange , it has found use in the intervention of atherosclerosis, as it slenderises cholesterol , increases as declination fibrinolytic activity .\n\nFor symptomatic purposes, the x genokontrastnye use compounds containing iodine. With prolonged use of drugs and iodine hypersensitivity to it whitethorn cause iodizma - rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema , salivation and lacrimation, eel-like skin rash ( iododerma ) . Iodine should not take drugs with pulmonary tuberculosis, pregnancy, kidney disease, chronic pyoderma , haemorrhagic diathesis , urticaria .\n\n hot iodine .\n\n stylised radioactive isotopes of iodine - 125I, 131I, 132I , and other wide used in biology and medicine, especially to determine the working(a) state of the thyroid gland and its discourse of several diseases. coating of radioactive iodine in the diagnosing related to the cogency to selectively accumulate iodine in the thyroid gland , the use for medicative purposes is based on the ability of ( light beam iodine radioisotopes to destroy the secretory cells of the gland. When environmental pollution nuclear fission products , radioactive isotopes o f iodine are quickly structured into the biological motorbike , falling , lastly in take out , and therefore the human body . especially dangerous their sharpness into the body of children , thyroid ktotryh 10 times less than in adults and in addition, has a greater radiosensitivity . order to reduce the deposition of radioactive iodine isotopes thyroid drugs recommended stable MI (100 - 200 mg per dose) . Radioactive iodine is promptly and completely jailed from the GI tract and is selectively deposited in the thyroid gland. Its absorption depends on the functional state of the gland. relatively high concentrations of iodine radioisotopes found also in the salivary and mammary glands and mucosa of the GI tract. Not absorbed by the thyroid radioactive iodine almost completely and relatively rapidly excreted in the water .'