Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances

Exploring childish Use of anabolic Steroids Since the introduction of anabolic sex hormone hormone hormones, the chief(prenominal) objective of utilize them has been widely ab characterd. The go for of these substances has steadily additiond passim the twelvemonths. As popularity of anabolic steroids escalated, so has its demand. With the inception of anabolic steroids in the realness of professional sports, the acceptance of doping amongst athletes was positive. During the 1970s, there were no repercussions for victorious anabolic steroids, and so athletes, especi whollyy bumball coarse-grained participants and weight-lifters, were trying to fit that somatic proceeds everywhere their competitors.Many professional baseball and football players of this close new-fashioned genesis commence implement upd anabolic steroids. In football there was the consider sufficient Lawrence Taylor, news report Roma at one generationki, and Shawne Merriman. In baseball, a steroid s bottomdal involved the prominent Barry Bonds, and more baseball prodigies who juiced up much(prenominal) as Mark McGwire, Jose Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Roger Clemens, and Manny Ramirez. non solely charter baseball and football players use anabolic steroids, plainly opposite(a) types of athletes, such as power-lifters, as tumesce. In track and field, Tim capital of Alabama was cited for doping.In recent forms, female track and field athletes such as Marion Jones were impoverished for exploitation anabolic steroids. With the accessibility of anabolic steroids increasing at an frighten rate, a soul has to wonder what kind of effect anabolic steroids could m some other on jejunes? If doping really is becoming accepted amongst professional athletes, what kind of set perk up out it have on the youthfuls? This research analysis essay forget be exploring the physical and mental risks and consequences for striplings development anabolic steroids as well as their motivation for doping.Steroids were originally developed to administer to hypogonadism in the thirties (Volkow 1). with experimenting, scientists disc everywhereed that the use of anabolic steroids could riposte muscle harvesting. This denudation sign on to the abuse of anabolic steroids in the sporting world. Technological experimentation and advances over time enabled researchers to identify some types of anabolic steroids. In researching the do of anabolic steroids, scientists besides detected many side effects from development anabolic steroids, although much is still un acknowledgen regarding their foresightful-term side ffects (Kusserow 9). in that respect atomic number 18 two modal values of victorious anabolic steroids, one way is to take them orally or by injection. In taking anabolic steroids with these two methods, an youthful go off severely harm the endocrine transcription, musculoskeletal frame, circulatory system, the hepatic system, and the skin (Volkow 5). A major health blur of taking anabolic steroids is that it affects the endocrine system. The endocrine system is a gland system that is responsible for the discharge of ductless glands that assist in regulating engenderd visible processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development. whiz of the important figures that the endocrine system controls is the style of a somebody. The gentlemans gentleman body already secretes original hormones into the body to give tangible processes functioning the way they were sibylline to. By taking anabolic steroids, an youthful is disrupting the natural production of hormones (Volkow 4). The endocrine system simply secretes a certain amount of hormones a day to prevent imbalance. If the endocrine system secretes as well as many hormones into the human body, there will be a hormonal imbalance which could lead to affection or abnormal development.Taking anabolic steroids enkindle cause reversible repositions, wh ich overwhelm sperm count deduction, antisepsis of sperm, and clod shrinkage (Volkow 4). In males, irreversible alternates whitethorn authorise by taking anabolic steroids such as feminization and male-pattern baldness (Volkow 4). Although anabolic steroids whitethorn physically enhance a persons appearance, the damage caused by anabolic steroids is something many immatures are overlooking. The human body usually releases testosterone and opposite hormones that causes growth, and stops the release of hormones as well.However, taking anabolic steroids as an adolescent directs in the synthetic release of hormones. This leads to a surplus of wind hormone levels that shtup prematurely signal the bones to stop growing (Volkow 4). Anabolic steroid use whitethorn cause more usual muscularity injuries cod to skeletal muscle adaptations taking move into rather quick in comparison to connective tissue (Hoffman 186). Also, anabolic steroid use causes severe acne based on res earch make by the journal of Sports Science and Medicine (Hoffman 184). Not only can steroids stunt your growth as an adolescent, it can cause severe damage to the circulatory and hepatic systems.The circulatory system is responsible for the circulation of cable throughout the body. different responsibilities include the removal of bodily wastes and the transference of nutrients to the cells. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is increasing the risk of sustaining a tenderness attack, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (Volkow 4 Hoffman 184-185). According to Kusserow, physicians conducting a mull/research involving former steroid drug drug users detect links, without consensus on degree, to cardiovascular disease and anabolic steroids (Kusserow 12).The clotting of telephone line in the downslope vessels keeps blood from liquifying to the heart, which may cause heart damage. An adolescent can bugger off a stroke from having a blood descend disruption to the brai n. Anabolic steroids elevate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is the master(prenominal) factor in having a disruption to the bodys blood flow (Hoffman 185). The hepatic system is the colored. The colorfuls main province is detoxifying the human body. At this point in time, living without a colorful is impossible.So, if the liver were to have a blood flow disruption, the liver would fail, resulting in capableness death. Using anabolic steroids may increase risk of liver tumors and liver damage (Hoffman 184). Internal bleeding may occur from the time out of a liver tumor (Volkow 5). Two of the close alarming consequences of taking anabolic steroids are the change in style/ wit and how it affects a persons mental status. Anabolic steroid use causes violent, militant behavior and irritability approximately 60% of anabolic steroid users experience this change in behavior (Hoffman 187).Tony Mandarich, once pro choose ed to be the superlative nervous lineman prospect ever, said that his steroid use caused his belligerence to rocket on and off the field. The Incredible Bulk punched an Ohio State player for no reason before the football game even started and t senile him he was press release to die straightaway (Kozak). Anabolic steroid use also touched his thinking. Mandarichs past times steroid use caused him to say things that he would neer say were he not on steroids. Some of the hinder I said, when I look back now, is just embarrassing, says Tony Mandarich (Kozak).Although elevated belligerency may be beneficial for athletes, that is not the case with your ordinary citizen. With these behavioral changes, an anabolic steroid user is much more exchangeablely to make do with other people. This is especially dangerous due to the fact that the steroid user is most likely queen-sizeger in size and strength than their opponent. A person may experience a psychotic episode where the steroi d user will be in a blind rage, therefore disqualifying their ability to control their emotions. In this event, an adolescent on anabolic steroids could rail at many of his peers at school, possibly even kill them.According to the study show on Drug Abuse (NIDA), a recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects nattern during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from junior-grade hormonal changes (Volkow 4). This is especially true with Heidi Krieger. In females, masculinity may occur both physically and mentally with long-term use of anabolic steroids (Volkow 4). With Heidi Krieger, now known as Andreas Krieger, her long-term anabolic steroid use caused her to go away masculine. Not only was she physically changing, the anabolic steroids caused her to believe that she was a man.In an hearing with former European womens shot put champion, she was asked most her past anabolic steroid use and how it caused her to physically and mentally change genders. Sh e said, I felt much more attracted to women and just felt like a man. But I knew I was not lesbian (Cnn. com). ace of the many questions researchers ask is why? Many wonder what are the motivational factors in a persons choice to use anabolic steroids. One of the main factors to this question would be appearance (Kusserow 6). Throughout magazines are pictures displaying a person with rock-hard abs and bulging biceps.On television, an adolescent may see a notesmaking(prenominal) of a man who is extremely big and strong. 57% of adolescents act in a survey pointed to magazines and 7% pointed to entertainment as sources of mould (Kusserow 8). Nowadays, friendships perception of the prototypical male is being big and strong. collect to pop culture, male adolescents have this newfound belief that they essential(prenominal) ameliorate their appearance to match the appearance of the prototypical male (Kusserow 6). Also, in todays society peer approval is a must amongst most high s chool adolescents.Teenagers see their friends getting jacked by victimisation anabolic steroids so they try and imitate those actions since it looks easy. With the correct training regimen, adolescents may reach out their goals in getting big with great success. According to Richard P. Kusserow, 89% of anabolic steroid users reported that they were satisfied with the results they were hoping for when they prototypic started using anabolic steroids (Kusserow 7). callable to the successful use of anabolic steroids, 97% of users agree that the physical effects encouraged them to continue using steroids (Kusserow 7).For example, Tony Mandarich was influenced by his brother to use anabolic steroids so that he could increase size, strength, and athletic performance. His anabolic steroid use allowed him to be able to bench press 225 pounds an incredible 39 times while being able to maintain a 4. 69 40-yard dash. That is a godly feat for a man that is 6 foot 6 and 315 pounds. When aske d about his past anabolic steroid use, Mandarich said,Youre not hypothetic to be as strong as I am. Youre not supposed(a) to be as fast as I am. Youre not supposed to be as good as I am (Kozak).Apparently, without anabolic steroid use, Tony Mandarich would never have become the college football player that he was. some other motive adolescents have for using anabolic steroids is the pursuit for the receipts of athletic performance (Adolescent Steroid Abuse). Through the use of anabolic steroids, an adolescent can increase muscle mass, strength, and training capacity (Kusserow 7). According to Kusserow, many adolescents first use anabolic steroids at the age of 16 and that 85% of the users started by age 17 (Kusserow 5).Much of this thought process has to do with noted economic consumption model athletes. Users believe that many high-level athletes have used steroids, and 42 percent say this influenced them to start using (Kusserow 8). An adolescent first team football player tr ying to obtain a football cognition from a prestigious NCAA Division I football powerhouse may see an NFL football player that they admire, and look up to, using anabolic steroids. The adolescent could potentially try and imitate the NFL players actions due to this belief.With football scholarships from prestigious Division I football colleges being particular(a) and opposition amongst football players across the joined States being extensive, adolescents will do all that they can to achieve their goal. Additionally, adolescents may view the benefits in using anabolic steroids as more positive than negative. If using anabolic steroids can second these adolescents get to a great school such as the University of grey California or the University of Texas, the side effects of using anabolic steroids could be something they are willing to risk.Another motive that could cause an adolescent in using anabolic steroids in improving athletic performance is the oblige they receive from adults, including their own parents (Kusserow 8). 55% of adolescent anabolic steroid users claim that their parents know about their use of anabolic steroids and that the parents do not business concern (Kusserow 7). batch may give a certain amount of slacken to football players because theres this unspoken sense that in order to play the game well, you motivating an edge, says Todd Boyd (Klosterman).If an adolescent can play well enough in sports to generate interest from college scouts, there is a good chance that the adolescent can get an athletic scholarship to help support their parents financially. Nowadays, college schooling is skyrocketing. It cost approximately $22,000 annually to attend the University of modern Hampshire for an in-state student, and roughly $12,000 otiose if you are out of state. With the recent economic downturn, many families do not have many financial options. Financial aid can only get you so far and the ability to take out a give has become i ncreasingly hard in this economy.Assuming an 18 year old adolescent is out of state and going to be attendance the University of New Hampshire for four years, the adolescent would be saving $136,000 if he were able to get a full-boat scholarship. This is not even taking into account the annual increase in tuition that occurs after every school year and money for miscellaneous things. Although an adolescents parents may not be notification them directly to use anabolic steroids, the parents could be indirectly load-bearing(a) them to juice up by placing tons of pressure on their kids.Adults, whether it is the parents or the coaches, place immense pressure on their kids to compete and win, while imparting motley messages of what are acceptable ways to achieve that goal (Kusserow 7). Adolescents may visualize those messages as, Its okay to use steroids as long as you watch and do not get caught or, Do what must be done to achieve your goal. If this is the universal belief amongst adolescents across the United States, how long will it be before adolescents begin to interpret other topics, such as violence or drug dealing, in the very(prenominal) manner. whole caboodle Cited Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Case occidental set aside University. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Hoffman, Jay R. , and Nicholas A. Ratamess. Medical Issues Associated with Anabolic Steroid Use are They overstated? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 01 June 2006. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. Klosterman, Chuck. Why We Look the another(prenominal) Way. ESPN. com. ESPN profit Ventures, 21 Mar. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Kozak, Kory. Steroids Fueled Spectacular Rise and Fall. ESPN. com. ESPN meshwork Ventures, 17 Apr. 2009. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Pleitgen, Frederik. Athlete Says Sports Steroids Changed Him from Woman to man. CNN. com. Cable News Network, 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . United States of America. U. S. section of wellness and Human Services. Office of qu izzer General. Adolescent Steroid Use. Richard P. Kusserow. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991. Print. United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. field imbed of Health. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Nora D. Volkow. National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2001. National Institute of Drug Abuse investigate underwrite Series.Exploring Adolescent Use of Performance-Enhancing SubstancesExploring Adolescent Use of Anabolic Steroids Since the introduction of anabolic steroids, the main objective of using them has been widely abused. The use of these substances has steadily change magnitude throughout the years. As popularity of anabolic steroids escalated, so has its demand. With the inception of anabolic steroids in the world of professional sports, the acceptance of doping amongst athletes was positive. During the 1970s, there were no repercussions for taking anabolic steroids, and so athletes, especially football players and weight-lifters, were trying to get that physical advantage over their competitors.Many professional baseball and football players of this most recent generation have used anabolic steroids. In football there was the great Lawrence Taylor, Bill Romanowski, and Shawne Merriman. In baseball, a steroid scandal involved the great Barry Bonds, and numerous baseball prodigies who juiced up such as Mark McGwire, Jose Canseco, Alex Rodriguez, Roger Clemens, and Manny Ramirez. Not only have baseball and football players used anabolic steroids, but other types of athletes, such as power-lifters, as well. In track and field, Tim Montgomery was cited for doping.In recent years, female track and field athletes such as Marion Jones were busted for using anabolic steroids. With the accessibility of anabolic steroids increasing at an alarming rate, a person has to wonder what kind of effect anabolic steroids could have on adolescents? If doping really is becoming accepted amongst professional athletes, what kind of influence w ill it have on the adolescents? This research analysis essay will be exploring the physical and mental risks and consequences for adolescents using anabolic steroids as well as their motivation for doping.Steroids were originally developed to administer to hypogonadism in the 1930s (Volkow 1). Through experimenting, scientists discovered that the use of anabolic steroids could generate muscle growth. This discovery led to the abuse of anabolic steroids in the sporting world. Technological experimentation and advances over time enabled researchers to identify many types of anabolic steroids. In researching the effects of anabolic steroids, scientists also detected many side effects from using anabolic steroids, although much is still unknown regarding their long-term side ffects (Kusserow 9). There are two ways of taking anabolic steroids, one way is to take them orally or by injection. In taking anabolic steroids with these two methods, an adolescent can severely damage the endocrin e system, musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, the hepatic system, and the skin (Volkow 5). A major health defect of taking anabolic steroids is that it affects the endocrine system. The endocrine system is a gland system that is responsible for the discharge of hormones that assist in regulating certain bodily processes, such as metabolism, growth, and development.One of the important factors that the endocrine system controls is the mood of a person. The human body already secretes certain hormones into the body to keep bodily processes functioning the way they were supposed to. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is disrupting the natural production of hormones (Volkow 4). The endocrine system only secretes a certain amount of hormones a day to prevent imbalance. If the endocrine system secretes too many hormones into the human body, there will be a hormonal imbalance which could lead to disease or abnormal development.Taking anabolic steroids can cause reversible c hanges, which include sperm count deduction, infertility of sperm, and testicle shrinkage (Volkow 4). In males, irreversible changes may occur by taking anabolic steroids such as feminization and male-pattern baldness (Volkow 4). Although anabolic steroids may physically enhance a persons appearance, the damage caused by anabolic steroids is something many adolescents are overlooking. The human body normally releases testosterone and other hormones that causes growth, and stops the release of hormones as well.However, taking anabolic steroids as an adolescent results in the synthetic release of hormones. This leads to a surplus of sex hormone levels that can prematurely signal the bones to stop growing (Volkow 4). Anabolic steroid use may cause more frequent tendon injuries due to skeletal muscle adaptations taking place rather rapidly in comparison to connective tissue (Hoffman 186). Also, anabolic steroid use causes severe acne based on research done by the Journal of Sports Scien ce and Medicine (Hoffman 184). Not only can steroids stunt your growth as an adolescent, it can cause severe damage to the circulatory and hepatic systems.The circulatory system is responsible for the circulation of blood throughout the body. Other responsibilities include the removal of bodily wastes and the transference of nutrients to the cells. By taking anabolic steroids, an adolescent is increasing the risk of sustaining a heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (Volkow 4 Hoffman 184-185). According to Kusserow, physicians conducting a study/research involving former steroid users noticed links, without consensus on degree, to cardiovascular disease and anabolic steroids (Kusserow 12).The clotting of blood in the blood vessels keeps blood from flowing to the heart, which may cause heart damage. An adolescent can experience a stroke from having a blood flow disruption to the brain. Anabolic steroids elevate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, which is the main factor in having a disruption to the bodys blood flow (Hoffman 185). The hepatic system is the liver. The livers main responsibility is detoxifying the human body. At this point in time, living without a liver is impossible.So, if the liver were to have a blood flow disruption, the liver would fail, resulting in potential death. Using anabolic steroids may increase risk of liver tumors and liver damage (Hoffman 184). Internal bleeding may occur from the rupture of a liver tumor (Volkow 5). Two of the most alarming consequences of taking anabolic steroids are the change in behavior/mood and how it affects a persons mental status. Anabolic steroid use causes violent, aggressive behavior and irritability approximately 60% of anabolic steroid users experience this change in behavior (Hoffman 187).Tony Mandarich, once proclaimed to be the greatest offensive lineman prospect ever, said that his steroid use caused his aggression to skyrocket on and off the field. The Incredible Bulk punched an Ohio State player for no reason before the football game even started and told him he was going to die today (Kozak). Anabolic steroid use also affected his thinking. Mandarichs past steroid use caused him to say things that he would never say were he not on steroids. Some of the stuff I said, when I look back now, is just embarrassing, says Tony Mandarich (Kozak).Although elevated aggressiveness may be beneficial for athletes, that is not the case with your ordinary citizen. With these behavioral changes, an anabolic steroid user is much more likely to fight with other people. This is especially dangerous due to the fact that the steroid user is most likely bigger in size and strength than their opponent. A person may experience a psychotic episode where the steroid user will be in a blind rage, thus disabling their ability to control their emotions. In this event, an adolescent on anabolic steroids could injure many of his peers at school, possibly even kill them.According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), a recent study suggests that the mood and behavioral effects seen during anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse may result from secondary hormonal changes (Volkow 4). This is especially true with Heidi Krieger. In females, masculinity may occur both physically and mentally with long-term use of anabolic steroids (Volkow 4). With Heidi Krieger, now known as Andreas Krieger, her long-term anabolic steroid use caused her to become masculine. Not only was she physically changing, the anabolic steroids caused her to believe that she was a man.In an interview with former European womens shot put champion, she was asked about her past anabolic steroid use and how it caused her to physically and mentally change genders. She said, I felt much more attracted to women and just felt like a man. But I knew I was not lesbian (Cnn. com). One of the many questions researchers ask is why? Many wonder what are the m otivational factors in a persons choice to use anabolic steroids. One of the main factors to this question would be appearance (Kusserow 6). Throughout magazines are pictures displaying a person with rock-hard abs and bulging biceps.On television, an adolescent may see a commercial of a man who is extremely big and strong. 57% of adolescents participating in a survey pointed to magazines and 7% pointed to entertainment as sources of influence (Kusserow 8). Nowadays, societys perception of the prototypical male is being big and strong. Due to pop culture, male adolescents have this newfound belief that they must improve their appearance to match the appearance of the prototypical male (Kusserow 6). Also, in todays society peer approval is a must amongst most high school adolescents.Teenagers see their friends getting jacked by using anabolic steroids so they try and imitate those actions since it looks easy. With the correct training regimen, adolescents may accomplish their goals in getting big with great success. According to Richard P. Kusserow, 89% of anabolic steroid users reported that they were satisfied with the results they were hoping for when they first started using anabolic steroids (Kusserow 7). Due to the successful use of anabolic steroids, 97% of users agree that the physical effects encouraged them to continue using steroids (Kusserow 7).For example, Tony Mandarich was influenced by his brother to use anabolic steroids so that he could increase size, strength, and athletic performance. His anabolic steroid use allowed him to be able to bench press 225 pounds an incredible 39 times while being able to maintain a 4. 69 40-yard dash. That is a godly feat for a man that is 6 foot 6 and 315 pounds. When asked about his past anabolic steroid use, Mandarich said,Youre not supposed to be as strong as I am. Youre not supposed to be as fast as I am. Youre not supposed to be as good as I am (Kozak).Apparently, without anabolic steroid use, Tony Mandarich would never have become the college football player that he was. Another motive adolescents have for using anabolic steroids is the pursuit for the improvement of athletic performance (Adolescent Steroid Abuse). Through the use of anabolic steroids, an adolescent can increase muscle mass, strength, and training capacity (Kusserow 7). According to Kusserow, many adolescents first use anabolic steroids at the age of 16 and that 85% of the users started by age 17 (Kusserow 5).Much of this thought process has to do with famous role model athletes. Users believe that many high-level athletes have used steroids, and 42 percent say this influenced them to start using (Kusserow 8). An adolescent varsity football player trying to obtain a football scholarship from a prestigious NCAA Division I football powerhouse may see an NFL football player that they admire, and look up to, using anabolic steroids. The adolescent could potentially try and imitate the NFL players actions due to this belie f.With football scholarships from prestigious Division I football colleges being limited and competition amongst football players across the United States being extensive, adolescents will do all that they can to achieve their goal. Additionally, adolescents may view the benefits in using anabolic steroids as more positive than negative. If using anabolic steroids can help these adolescents get to a great school such as the University of Southern California or the University of Texas, the side effects of using anabolic steroids could be something they are willing to risk.Another motive that could cause an adolescent in using anabolic steroids in improving athletic performance is the pressure they receive from adults, including their own parents (Kusserow 8). 55% of adolescent anabolic steroid users claim that their parents know about their use of anabolic steroids and that the parents do not care (Kusserow 7). People may give a certain amount of slack to football players because the res this unspoken sense that in order to play the game well, you need an edge, says Todd Boyd (Klosterman).If an adolescent can play well enough in sports to generate interest from college scouts, there is a good chance that the adolescent can get an athletic scholarship to help support their parents financially. Nowadays, college tuition is skyrocketing. It costs approximately $22,000 annually to attend the University of New Hampshire for an in-state student, and roughly $12,000 extra if you are out of state. With the recent economic downturn, many families do not have many financial options. Financial aid can only get you so far and the ability to take out a loan has become increasingly hard in this economy.Assuming an 18 year old adolescent is out of state and going to be attending the University of New Hampshire for four years, the adolescent would be saving $136,000 if he were able to get a full-boat scholarship. This is not even taking into account the annual increase in tuiti on that occurs after every school year and money for miscellaneous things. Although an adolescents parents may not be telling them directly to use anabolic steroids, the parents could be indirectly encouraging them to juice up by placing tons of pressure on their kids.Adults, whether it is the parents or the coaches, place immense pressure on their kids to compete and win, while conveying mixed messages of what are acceptable ways to achieve that goal (Kusserow 7). Adolescents may interpret those messages as, Its okay to use steroids as long as you succeed and do not get caught or, Do what must be done to achieve your goal. If this is the universal belief amongst adolescents across the United States, how long will it be before adolescents begin to interpret other topics, such as violence or drug dealing, in the same manner. Works Cited Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Adolescent Steroid Abuse. Case Western Reserve University. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Hoffman, Jay R. , and Nicholas A. Ratamess . Medical Issues Associated with Anabolic Steroid Use Are They Exaggerated? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 01 June 2006. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. Klosterman, Chuck. Why We Look the Other Way. ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 21 Mar. 2007. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Kozak, Kory. Steroids Fueled Spectacular Rise and Fall. ESPN. com. ESPN Internet Ventures, 17 Apr. 2009. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . Pleitgen, Frederik. Athlete Says Sports Steroids Changed Him from Woman to man. CNN. com. Cable News Network, 11 Aug. 2008. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. . United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General. Adolescent Steroid Use. Richard P. Kusserow. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991. Print. United States of America. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. Nora D. Volkow. National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2001. National Institute of Drug Abuse Research Report Series.